Cctv newsAccording to the website of the National Bureau of Statistics, since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has adhered to the people-centered development thought, attached great importance to population and employment, scientifically grasped the law of population development, adjusted and optimized the birth policy, and the population scale has continued to expand and the quality of the population has been continuously improved. Strengthen the employment priority orientation, put employment in the first place of "six stability" and "six guarantees", fully implement the employment priority policy, and take various measures to promote employment and expand jobs. The number of urban employees continues to grow, the employment structure is continuously optimized, the employment quality is steadily improved, and the employment situation remains stable.
First, the total population grew steadily, and the agglomeration accelerated significantly.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee has adhered to the comprehensive decision-making on population and development, constantly adjusted and optimized the birth policy, maintained steady population growth, continuously improved the gender structure, made the population flow increasingly active, and increased the degree of agglomeration.
(A) population growth.
In view of the new population development situation in China, such as declining fertility rate and aging population, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core adhered to the comprehensive decision-making of population and development, scientifically grasped the law of population development, and implemented the "two children alone" and "two children in an all-round way" birth policies in 2013 and 2016 respectively. In 2021, in order to further promote the long-term balanced development of China’s population, the CPC Central Committee proposed to implement the policy that a couple can have three children and supporting measures. The adjustment and optimization of the birth policy has met people’s diverse birth needs and promoted the increase of the birth population, from 2012— In 2021, the average annual birth population was 16.2 million. At the end of 2021, the population of China was 1,412.6 million, an increase of 53.38 million compared with the end of 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 5.931 million, with an average annual growth rate of 0.4%.
(B) Optimization and improvement of gender structure
The sex ratio at birth has steadily decreased. By the end of 2021, China’s male population was 723.11 million, accounting for 51.2%, and the female population was 689.49 million, accounting for 48.8%. The sex ratio of the total population was 104.9, down 0.2 from 2012. From the sex structure of the birth population, the sex ratio of the birth population in 2021 was 108.3, which was 9.4 lower than that in 2012, and the sex structure of the birth population improved obviously.
(C) population mobility is increasingly active
Population mobility is an important feature of China’s current population and social development. Since 2012, with the continuous advancement of urbanization, China’s population mobility has become increasingly active, which has injected a strong impetus into the stable and healthy development of the economy and society. In 2020, the population separated from households in China will reach 492.76 million, accounting for 34.9% of the national population, of which the floating population will reach 375.82 million, accounting for 26.6% of the national population. Compared with 2010, the population separated from households increased by 231.38 million, up by 88.5%, and the floating population increased by 154.39 million, up by 69.7%. From the perspective of population flow, the population continues to gather in coastal areas, areas along the Yangtze River and inland urban areas, and the population in the eastern region continues to increase, with the proportion of population increasing by 2.1 percentage points compared with 2010. The population concentration of major urban agglomerations has increased, and the population of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Greater Bay Area, Yangtze River Delta and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomerations has grown rapidly, increasing by 35.0%, 12.0% and 7.3% respectively. The population density of Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces (cities) has increased by more than 100 people per square kilometer in the past 10 years.
Second, the education level has improved significantly and the health level has continued to improve.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s education and national health have continued to develop, the quality of education has been further improved, the education level of the population has been steadily improved, life expectancy has been prolonged, and the health status has been continuously improved.
(A) the steady improvement of cultural quality
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have continuously promoted the fairness and quality of education, promoted the high-quality balanced development of compulsory education and the integration of urban and rural areas, promoted the optimized development of special education, continuing education and vocational education, and steadily improved the educational level and cultural quality of the population. In 2020, the average number of years of education for the population aged 15 and above in China will reach 9.9, an increase of 0.7 over 2012. The proportion of illiterate people aged 15 and above in the national population decreased from 4.2% in 2012 to 2.7% in 2020. In 2020, the population with high school education or above will reach 431.37 million, accounting for 30.6% of the national population, an increase of 123.74 million compared with 2010, and the proportion will increase by 7.6 percentage points. Among them, the population with college education or above was 218.36 million, accounting for 15.5%, an increase of 98.72 million over 2010, accounting for 6.5 percentage points. 16— The average years of education of the 59-year-old working-age population reached 10.8 years, an increase of 1.1 years compared with 2010, among which the proportion of people with high school education or above was 43.8%, an increase of 12.8 percentage points.
(2) The health condition has been continuously improved.
The construction of a healthy China has been continuously promoted, the facilities of national fitness facilities have been significantly improved, mass sports events have flourished, the participation of national fitness has been continuously improved, and the health level of the whole people has been significantly improved. By the end of 2021, the proportion of people who regularly take part in physical exercise reached 37.2%[1], and the health status of the population continued to improve. In 2020, the average life expectancy of the population will reach 77.9 years, 3.1 years higher than that in 2010. The maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate have dropped significantly, from 24.5/100,000 in 2012 and 10.3‰ , down to 16.1/100,000 and 5.0&permil in 2021; , neonatal mortality rate from 6.9&permil in 2012; Down to 3.1&permil in 2021; . The health status of the elderly has improved, and the proportion of healthy elderly population has increased. In 2020, among the elderly aged 60 and above, the proportion of healthy elderly people reached 54.6%, an increase of 10.8 percentage points over 2010.
Third, the employment situation is generally stable, and the protection of key groups is strong.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to employment, put employment in the first place of "six stabilities" and "six guarantees", comprehensively strengthened the employment priority policy, and took various measures to promote employment and expand jobs, and the employment situation remained stable as a whole.
(A) the scale of urban employment continued to expand.
China’s economic scale has continuously jumped to a new level, high-quality development has continued to advance, new development patterns have been accelerated, and new employment growth points have emerged, laying a solid foundation for stabilizing and expanding employment. Although the total number of employed people began to decrease after reaching the peak of 763.49 million in 2014 due to the deepening aging of the population and the gradual decline of the working-age population, with the acceleration of urbanization, a large number of rural laborers moved to cities and towns, and urban employed people maintained a growth trend. In 2013, the proportion of employed people in urban areas surpassed that in rural areas for the first time, reaching 50.5%. In 2021, the total number of urban employees reached 467.73 million, an increase of 94.86 million over 2012, with an average annual increase of 10.54 million; The proportion of urban employment further increased to 62.7%, an increase of 13.8 percentage points over 2012, with an average annual increase of 1.5 percentage points.
(2) The unemployment rate remains within a reasonable range.
Thanks to the effective linkage between economic development and employment expansion, China’s labor market is stable in supply and demand, and relatively full employment has been achieved. 2018— In 2019, the national urban survey unemployment rate [2] remained stable at a low level of around 5.0%. At the beginning of 2020, affected by the outbreak of COVID-19, the employment situation was hit, and the unemployment rate rose to 6.2% in February. Facing the severe and complicated situation at home and abroad, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council scientifically coordinated the prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development, and issued a series of policies and measures. The employment situation has been improved by comprehensively promoting the resumption of work and production, reducing burdens and stabilizing posts on a large scale, stabilizing the employment of key groups, promoting multi-channel flexible employment, improving vocational skills training, and strengthening employment services. With the sustained economic recovery and the effectiveness of various employment policies, the urban survey unemployment rate has been falling, falling to 5.2% in December 2020, the same as the same period in 2019, and further falling to 5.1% in December 2021.
(C) Strong employment security for key groups
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council focus on key employment groups, adhere to the combination of market-oriented socialized employment and government assistance, strive to expand employment capacity, ease structural contradictions in employment, and ensure the stability of employment situation for key groups. Implementing the employment and entrepreneurship promotion plan for college graduates, supporting and guiding enterprises to absorb employment, actively expanding public sector employment, and encouraging entrepreneurial innovation have effectively solved the employment problem of college graduates. In view of the rural labor force, strengthen cross-regional accurate docking, effectively promote the surplus labor force to go out for employment, and rely on the development of county economy and rural industry to encourage local employment and return home to start businesses. 2012— In 2021, the total number of migrant workers in China increased from 262.61 million to 292.51 million, and the employment scale of migrant workers increased steadily. For the disadvantaged groups, we will continue to strengthen employment assistance. Since 2012, on average, more than 5.5 million unemployed people have been re-employed, more than 1.7 million people with difficulties have been employed, and about 50,000 zero-employment families have achieved at least one employment per household.
Fourth, economic transformation has boosted employment and the employment structure has been continuously optimized.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with the continuous promotion of economic transformation and upgrading, supply-side structural reform and high-quality development, new formats and new models have emerged one after another, China’s employment structure has been continuously optimized, and the quality of employed people has been continuously improved.
(A) the service industry to enhance the ability to absorb employment
With the adjustment and optimization of China’s economic structure and the accelerated development of new kinetic energy, the tertiary industry has become the main force driving economic growth and attracting employment. In 2021, the number of employees in the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in China was 170.72 million, 217.12 million and 358.68 million respectively, accounting for 22.9%, 29.1% and 48.0% respectively. Among them, the proportion of primary industry and secondary industry decreased by 10.6 and 1.3 percentage points respectively compared with 2012, and the proportion of tertiary industry increased by 11.9 percentage points. The coordination between the employment structure and the output value structure of the three industries has been significantly improved.
(B) the new economy has a significant effect on employment.
With the new round of scientific and technological revolution and the vigorous development of digital economy, new industries, new formats and new business models are changing with each passing day, and new occupations and positions such as big data engineers and technicians, drone drivers, network contract distributors and Internet marketers are constantly emerging. Employment in the new economy has become an important channel to absorb employment because of its large employment capacity, high salary level, flexibility and strong part-time job. Especially under the impact of the epidemic, the new economic development has provided a large number of flexible jobs, which has played a positive role in broadening employment channels, enhancing employment flexibility and increasing workers’ income. According to the China Sharing Economy Development Report (2021) released by the National Information Center, in 2020, the number of employees in China’s sharing economy platform enterprises reached 6.31 million, an increase of about 1.31 million compared with 2015, and the number of people employed by the platform was about 84 million, an increase of about 34 million compared with 2015.
(3) The quality of employed personnel has been significantly improved.
The rapid development of education has promoted the continuous optimization of the academic structure of employed people in China and provided abundant high-quality talents for the labor market. In 2020, among the employed people, the proportion of people with primary school education or below and junior high school education was 18.7% and 41.7%, respectively, which was 2.3 and 6.6 percentage points lower than that in 2012. The proportion of people with high school education, junior college education and above was 17.5% and 22.2%, respectively, up by 0.4 and 8.5 percentage points. The average years of education of employed people will increase from 9.7 in 2012 to 10.4 in 2020. The talent team is constantly growing. At the end of 2021, there were 187,000 people enjoying special government allowances nationwide, an increase of 20,000 over 2012. There are more than 6,500 national candidates for the 100 million talents project, an increase of more than 2,400; A total of 39.35 million people in China have obtained various professional and technical personnel qualification certificates, an increase of 23.6 million.
V. Labor security has been gradually improved, and the quality of employment has been steadily improved.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, based on the new stage of development, China has implemented the new development concept and constructed a new development pattern. In order to satisfy people’s longing for a better life, more and more emphasis has been placed on achieving more full and higher-quality employment, and more and more workers have shared the fruits of economic and social development.
(A) wage income is growing.
With China’s sustained economic growth, the improvement of the minimum wage adjustment mechanism and the optimization of the income distribution structure, the wage level of workers has increased steadily, and their sense of acquisition and satisfaction has been significantly enhanced. In 2021, the average wage of employees in urban non-private units reached 106,837 yuan, 1.28 times higher than that in 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 9.6%; After deducting the price factor, it actually increased by 0.91 times compared with 2012, with an average annual real increase of 7.4%. The average wage of employees in urban private units reached 62,884 yuan, 1.19 times higher than that in 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 9.1%; After deducting the price factor, it actually increased by 0.83 times compared with 2012, with an average annual real increase of 6.9%.
(B) Enterprise employment is more standardized
The state constantly improves relevant laws and regulations, cleans up and rectifies the human resources market order, strengthens the supervision of labor dispatch and employment, standardizes the signing of labor contracts, strengthens labor law enforcement, and vigorously carries out the action of eradicating the wage arrears of migrant workers, while maintaining the vitality of the labor market, it also effectively protects the legitimate rights and interests of workers. In 2021, a total of 1.32 million collective contracts were submitted to the human resources and social security departments for review and within the validity period, covering 120 million employees; Labor security supervision institutions at all levels put on record 63,000 cases of wage violations, and paid 5.65 billion yuan for 450,000 migrant workers.
(3) Labor security has been gradually strengthened
The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. China has continuously increased capital investment and reform, built the largest social security system in the world, and significantly improved the coverage of various social insurances. By the end of 2021, the number of people participating in the basic old-age insurance for urban workers nationwide was 480.74 million, an increase of 176.47 million over the end of 2012; The number of employees participating in basic medical insurance was 354.31 million, an increase of 89.45 million; The number of people participating in unemployment insurance was 229.58 million, an increase of 77.33 million; The number of people participating in industrial injury insurance was 282.87 million, an increase of 92.77 million; The number of people participating in maternity insurance was 237.52 million, an increase of 83.23 million.
(D) Employment services are improving day by day.
Employment public service is an important carrier to promote the matching of supply and demand in the labor market, implement employment unemployment management and implement employment policies. After years of hard work, China’s public employment service system has been continuously improved. At present, public employment service institutions have been established at or above counties (districts) across the country, and more than 98% of streets and towns have set up service windows to provide free services such as registered recruitment, registered job search, career guidance, career introduction and entrepreneurship guidance. The five-level public employment service network has been gradually improved, and special service activities such as "Spring Breeze Action" have formed brands. The standardization, intelligence and specialization of employment services have been further promoted, and the scale of human resources service industry has been growing day by day, and its service capacity has been significantly improved. By the end of 2021, there were 59,100 human resources service institutions in the whole industry, providing employment, job selection and mobile services for 304 million workers and professional support for 50.99 million employers.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the development and progress of population and employment is the result of the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core. In the next stage, to promote the long-term balanced population development and ensure the stable employment situation, we should adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, implement the national strategy of actively responding to the aging population, implement the three-child birth policy and supporting measures, strengthen the employment priority policy, promote more full and higher-quality employment, and provide a solid foundation and lasting impetus for building a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power and realizing the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Note:
[1] The data comes from the press conference on building a higher level public service system for national fitness held by the State Council on March 30, 2022.
[2] The national urban survey unemployment rate has been officially released since 2018.
