Academics celebrate the National Day: A Trial Interpretation of the City Gate of Huangchengtai in Shigao, Shaanxi Province

Original National Day Chinese Architectural History Journal

Restoration is one of the important contents in the study of architectural history. There are many different systems for the restoration of architectural sites, such as experimental archaeological means and computer technology, but they are consistent in reproducing the architectural appearance. Relatively speaking, the research on "restoration" in construction is much less. Through direct observation and analysis of materials, technology and structure, this paper effectively interprets the gate of the Huangchengtai in Shimao and traces its architectural history. The problem of construction is the focus of this study. According to the employment system of ancient books and records, the amount of employment of the gate of Huangchengtai is estimated, and the time required to try to "restore" the construction is estimated.

A hard interpretation of the gate of Huangchengtai in Shimao, Shaanxi Province

Work Norm and Construction Time of Huangchengtai Gate in Shimao

Guoqing Hua

Located in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province, the site of Shimao City was discovered in 1976, and the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology began to excavate it in 2011. Shimao is a large city site from the late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age (about 2300-1800 BC). The city gate and the city wall of Shimao show a highly mature architectural culture. Obviously, the prehistoric urban construction civilization did not start from the rocky promontory, and there must have been a long period of gestation and development before the stage represented by the rocky promontory. Therefore, the rocky headland is of great research value, and its archaeological achievements are highly concerned by Chinese and foreign scholars. Shek Mao has been continuously selected as an important archaeological discovery at home and abroad, and it has been listed in the "Top Ten Important Field Archaeological Discoveries in the World" in the World Archaeological Shanghai Forum in 2013, "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2019" and "Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in the World in the Past Ten Years (2011-2020)" in the Archaeology magazine of the American Archaeological Society in 2020.

It is the responsibility of prehistoric researchers to use scientific means to interpret the obtained archaeological data, identify, explain and reconstruct the ruins of the headland and trace the source of its architectural culture while excavating and recording the ruins of the headland. There are three different discipline systems in the restoration of architectural sites: first, experimental archaeology, a branch of archaeology, establishes ancient production and lifestyle on the premise of experiments. Second, architectural history, using the basic knowledge of architectural history, based on archaeological remains, documents or images and other information, to reproduce architecture. Third, the combination of archaeology and architecture, using computer virtual reality technology to restore buildings, to achieve simulation results.

From the perspective of building, this paper estimates the amount of labor and the time required for the construction of the gate of the Huangchengtai in Shimao, following the ancient books and hard work system. How much labor and time it takes to build the gate of Huangchengtai is a key issue in the historical study of Huangchengtai Gate in Shimao. The solution of this problem is not only of great significance to the study of Huangchengtai Gate in Shimao, but also closely related to the social population problem in Shimao.

Starting from the physical restoration and virtual restoration represented by Hattusha and Uruk, the author interprets the site of the Imperial City Taichengmen, conducts restoration research, and finally calculates the workload.

1 Hattusha: Rebuilding full-scale objects

Taking reconstruction as a research topic, based on truth, building a full-scale physical object, recording and publishing the whole process of reconstruction in detail, including construction and materials. So far, Hattusha is the first such research method.

Hattusha is the capital of the Hittite Empire (late Bronze Age, about 1700-1200 BC), located in Anatolia, now central Turkey. The word Anatolia comes from Greek, which means "the East". The aborigines here are Hatti, while Hittites are foreign, and their origins are not completely clear. They probably came from the Black Sea region and Pontic steppe, which were part of the extensive immigration at that time and arrived in Anatolia around 2000 BC. Before the Hittite Empire, it was the Hittite State (note: the Hittite State built Hattusha as its capital), and before that, it was the city-state period. Some modern scholars divide Hittite into two periods: the old kingdom (1700-1500 BC) and the new kingdom (1400-1200 BC). The reason for this division is that there is almost no information to test during the period from 1500 BC to 1400 BC. Many clay tablets were found in Hatusha, and Hittite characters were created with reference to Akkadian cuneiform in the two river basins. The most famous document is the bronze version found in 1986, which is the peace treaty concluded by two great powers-Hittite and Egypt in 1259 BC. Around 1200 BC, Hattusha was destroyed with the Hittite Empire, which scholars believe was part of the collapse of the Bronze Age.

Figure 1 Hattusha

In 1834, Charles Texier, a French architectural historian and archaeologist, discovered the site of Hattusha during the general survey in Asia Minor. In 1893-1894, it was excavated by Ernest Chantre, a French archaeologist and anthropologist. Since 1906, the German Archaeological Institute began to excavate it. Hattusha is divided into upper and lower cities, each surrounded by a wall. Xiacheng (Nancheng) belongs to the old kingdom period, and Shangcheng (Beicheng) belongs to the new kingdom period. The lower city wall is 2988 meters long and the upper city wall is 3270 meters long, with a total area of 1.8 square kilometers. The excavated building base shows the location and layout of the temple complex and the royal citadel (Büyükkale) (Figure 1). The burial area is outside the city, and most of them are cremation tombs. Hattusha is the most famous of the three gates of Shangcheng, namely Lion Gate, King’s Gate and Sphinx Gate, which are named after the stone carvings on the doorframes.

Up to 2006, the Hattusha excavation has been carried out for 68 years. With the increase of archaeological data, architectural sites and relief remains can be dated. On this basis, contemporary archaeologists have revised the date of Hattusha proposed by early scholars and demonstrated the relationship between the upper and lower cities. Simply put, the upper limit of the Hattusha era has moved forward.

Fig. 2 The lower part of Hattusha, red is the reconstruction part.

In 1986, Hattusha was included in the World Heritage List. Since then, archaeologists have worked hard to make the site an open-air archaeological museum. From 2003 to 2005, the German Archaeological Institute rebuilt two towers and a section of city wall in the lower city as exhibition buildings. For archaeologists, this is a comprehensive experimental archaeological project. On the original site, they reproduce the original appearance of the tower wall on a full-scale scale. The location is selected in the middle of the two city gate sites, next to the entrance of the ruins museum (Figure 2). The reason for deciding to rebuild the tower instead of the palace or temple is that there is only information about the facade of the tower. The information comes from indirect archaeological data-several pieces of pottery buildings unearthed in Hatusha, one of which is complete and decorated along the mouth of the pottery jar: the tower has two floors, with big beams and flat roofs, and battlements on it. The walls are red and the battlements are white (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Taocheng Tower, Anatolian Archaeological Museum

The reconstructed two towers and three sections of city walls are 65 meters long, 7-8 meters high and 7 meters thick. The plane of the tower is 9.4m× 10.1m, and the tower protrudes about 3m from the wall, with a height of 12 ~ 13m. The distance between towers is 19.2 meters (the distance between towers in Hattusha varies from 14 to 23 meters). In the three years of reconstruction, a total of 6772 people/day were employed. The goal of reconstruction is to truly reproduce the appearance of the city wall of the Hittite period, and the inside of the tower is not open to tourists. Because the pottery building only provides shape information, the structure and details of the reconstructed tower are designed separately according to local traditional buildings, such as two short walls in the tower to bear the weight of floors and roofs. In fact, the reconstruction work is the cooperation of experimental archaeology and architectural experiments.

Fig. 4 box foundation of city wall tower

The architectural technical features of Anatolia are adobe city walls and box-shaped stone foundations. If the adobe is built directly on the ground, the water on the ground will soak into the adobe, leading to the collapse of the wall. According to the inference of the site, Hatusha’s construction method is to tamp the base first, then pave the stone, and then build the stone base. Some stone foundations in downtown are built directly on rocks. The box foundation consists of two longitudinal parallel stone walls, with a transverse connecting wall between them to form a series of boxes, which are filled with soil (Figure 4). The stone used in the stone foundation is rubble from the quarry, which is large in size. The corner of the tower is made of trimmed stones, which are staggered and dry without mud. The early tower and the city wall foundation were integrated, and the later tower foundation was self-contained. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the towers were highly consistent with the city walls in the early days, and later the towers were higher than the city walls. The height of the stone foundation is unknown, and some remains are about 2 meters high. Holes were found on the vertical surface of the stone foundation, and it is speculated that the stone wall was reinforced with logs. The part of Hatusha adobe wall on the ground has not been preserved, and there are crossbars in the excavated adobe wall. Adobe is square, the size is 45cm× 45cm× 10cm ~ 50cm× 50cm× 12cm, and the adobe is mixed with grass, grass and pebbles, or only pebbles. The corners of Hatusha adobe wall are all rounded, probably because the sharp corners are easy to be damaged.

Fig. 5 Hattusha’s tower wall (inner facade), rebuilt in 2003-2005.

The reconstruction process of the wall of Hatusha Tower not only pays attention to the construction itself, but also involves the damage, maintenance cycle and life of the building under natural conditions (Figure 5). Strictly speaking, the reconstruction work is not completely in accordance with the real history, such as the use of motor transport building materials. However, every step in the reconstruction process has studied the original practice. The building materials used in the reconstruction are all traditional materials except nails and bolts, and the whole achievement was published in 2007.

2 uruk: Computer Virtual Recovery

Archaeological data show that the two river basins are the birthplace of urban civilization. Cities began to emerge in the lower reaches of the two river basins and gradually developed to the upper reaches. Uruk (Uruk, Sumerian, meaning "settlement"), located in the marsh delta downstream of the two river basins and on the north bank of the Euphrates River, was the largest city in the world at that time (3900-2900 BC). From Ubaid to Eridu and then to uruk, the time range is 5300-3900 BC. The civilizations in the two river basins were created by different nationalities, and the Sumerians were the earliest. The most important inventions of Sumerians include cuneiform writing, cylindrical seals, firing painted pottery, using pottery wheels and building boats. During the period from 4100 BC to 2900 BC, uruk was the political, religious and trade center of Sumerians, which was called the Uruk period in history.

In 1849, the site of uruk was confirmed by an Englishman, William kennet loftus (1820-1858), and was briefly excavated the following year. After 1912, the German archaeological team carried out excavation. The archaeological feature of Germany is to pay attention to architecture, and the purpose is not to find large-scale works of art. The excavation leaders are all educated in architecture and architectural history, and many of them are well-trained architects.

Figure 6 uruk

The plane shape of Uluke City is regular, and the adobe city wall is 8.7 kilometers long, surrounded by trenches. Around 3000 BC, the city covers an area of about 5.2 square kilometers. There are canals, wells, reservoirs and drainage systems in the city. There are canals all over the city to irrigate farmland and orchards. The inner and outer canals are connected (Figure 6).

Fig. 7 The integrated plan of the building in the center of uruk City, in which the colors indicate the relationship between the temples that are constantly being rebuilt.

Scholars believe that uruk developed from two settlements: Kullaba and Eanna. The highlands in the city are piled up by long-term residence, surrounded by city walls, and the new area is flat and low. The temple palace is located in the center of the city, with the highest mound and groups of buildings surrounded by high walls. The buildings around 3200 BC were not carefully planned, but the result of long-term reconstruction (Figure 7).

Figure 8 North Gate of uruk (2900-2350 BC)

As for the information of uruk City Gate, there is only one north gate plane: there is a wing wall on the outside of the city gate, and the doorway is about 3 meters wide. There are semi-circular pilasters on the outside of the city wall (Figure 8).

A) position b) plane

C) entrance

Fig. 9 Yi Rui Jiashen Temple District in the center of uruk City.

The information of uruk city walls and gates is concentrated in the "inner city". Yi Rui Jia Temple in the center of the city, also known as Irigal temple or E?gal (about 3000 BC), has a square plane. The city wall is double-layer hollow, made of adobe and covered with bricks, with a total thickness of 18.3 ~ 19.2 meters. There are two gates in the southwest, both of which are straight doorways (Figure 9).

Fig. 10 uruk Ianna Temple (stratum IVb)

A— Temple B— Colonnade (the "Z"-shaped courtyard gate is later than the stratum of the C courtyard gate in Figure 7) C— Mosaic compound.

A "Z"-shaped doorway was found in the IVb stratum of Eanna Temple Area in the center of uruk (Figure 10). The temples A and B are the same area as the compound C, and there is a height difference on the ground. You can enter the colonnade of Temple B and Temple A through Courtyard C. There are mosaics on the ground near the temple in the courtyard. The courtyard opens doors on the two walls facing the street in different forms. Double doors are symmetrically arranged on the southeast wall, and the doorway of each door is Z-shaped. The height of the courtyard wall is unknown, but it should be higher than people’s sight. "Z"-shaped doorways and gates are also found in the upper reaches of the two river basins and the Levant (Palestine and Israel). The walls of the Levant are complex and the gates are tall (Figure 11).

In 2013, a century after the archaeological excavation, the archaeological achievements of uruk were exhibited to the public in the museum. Subsequently, the German Archaeological Institute and the German Oriental Society jointly held an international academic conference. The research results of uruk published in museums and conferences include a series of restoration models of temple buildings. Since 2007, the German Archaeological Society and Berlin Virtual Conceptual Design Company have cooperated to carry out the Uruk Visualization project. According to the latest research, they re-examined the previous hand-painted restoration and built a 3D restoration model. There are three purposes of building models: first, to evaluate archives and materials, which is conducive to discussing the related work of the site. Second, it was used in the "Exhibition of Megacity uruk 5000 Years ago" (Uruk:5000 Jahre Megacity). Third, it will be displayed at the uruk Site Visitor Center. Computer models are divided into two categories: basic models and professional models. The former is used for public display and the latter for expert research. All restoration is hypothetical, so there is more than one scheme. Expert model, also known as technical restoration, considers many possibilities and compares them, but it is least inspired by other similar buildings. In other words, expert models are loyal to archaeological data and are not allowed to be interpreted freely. The specific method is to restore the map layer by layer, each layer has details, and realize the overall restoration based on various technical models (Figure 12). Using computer technology, integrating architectural archaeological data and comparing them in many aspects has become a research method of visual restoration. This emerging discipline is called"Reconstructive Archaeology".

Fig. 11 Portal and the Z-shaped doorway between them.

A) technical restoration: log is mounted on adobe wall, with flat top.

B) basic recovery: try different possibilities

Figure 12 Building C in uruk (3300-3100 BC)

3 Interpretation of Huangchengtai City Gate

Figure 13 Topography of rocky promontory

Figure 14 Huangchengtai landform

Shimao City (2300-1800 BC) was built in a mountainous area with a gentle top and a deep ditch (called "Maoo" locally), which consists of two parts, east and west, surrounded by stone walls respectively. The two parts share a stone wall and are connected by the city gate. There are four ditches in Xicheng, which merge and flow into Dongchuan ditch in the northwest, and then flow into Tuwei River at the foot of the mountain. Huangchengtai, located in the west of the central part of Xicheng, is a relatively independent Pingdingshan, which is more than 20 meters higher than the surrounding area (Figure 13). Huangchengtai is surrounded by ditches, and only the southwest corner is connected with the outside of the platform in a saddle shape. The city gate is the only entrance and exit of Huangchengtai, built on a hillside, facing 47 degrees east and north. For the convenience of description, hereinafter referred to as the city gate faces east (Figure 14). Huangchengtai has a wide field of vision. Standing on the platform, you can inspect most of the rocky headlands, ensuring direct contact with the East Gate and Gate 2 of Dongcheng and the North City Wall, and you can also look at the desert and Hetao jungle in the distance. In terms of altitude, the East Gate is 82 meters higher than the gate of Huangchengtai. The combination of the gate of Huangchengtai and the natural environment embodies the principle of local planning, and natural geographical conditions play an important role in the process of building defensive buildings.

Fig. 15 3D photogrammetry model of the gate site of Huangchengtai, June 2018.

Huangchengtai is a natural terrace with a height of 26.5 meters. The city gate is built on a hillside, covering an area of 5,300 square meters (72.6 meters from south to north and 74.9 meters from east to west) (Figure 15). Retaining walls are built on terraces along the mountain. The scale of Huangchengtai retaining wall and Huangchengtai city gate is quite large: the retaining wall located on the north side of the city gate is currently more than 100 meters long and 15.6 meters high. Pottery, bone, jade, bronze and stone carvings were unearthed in the process of excavating the retaining wall and gate of Huangchengtai, indicating that Huangchengtai is a political-religious and production-trade center. From the point of view of site selection, the builders of the rocky promontory used the terrain to protect the Huangchengtai.

Further analysis from the perspective of architecture can identify three clear and interrelated levels (Figure 16):

Fig. 16 Plan, elevation and three sections of the gate site of Huangchengtai.

A-A-South Pier Section B-B-North Pier Section

The first level is the main structure. The city gate consists of six structures: two piers, two wing walls and two barrier walls. They are the south and north piers, the south and north wing walls and the front and rear barrier walls. The piers and abutments are all solid rectangles: the south pier and abutment are long in plane from east to west; North pier, the plane is long from north to south. Wing walls are located on both sides of the square, and their rear ends are respectively against the outer corners of the two piers. The front barrier wall is a U-shaped plane independent shadow wall, which enters and exits the Imperial Tower on both sides, and the doorway is Z-shaped; The rear barrier wall is two parallel walls (discussed further below).

The second level is spatial sequence. The city gate is composed of three spaces, which is a 100-meter-long route. There is a huge square in front of the north and south piers, which is bounded by two wing walls. The space between piers and abutments is divided by small retaining walls, and the builders of rocky headlands use the terrain to protect the Huangchengtai. Further analysis from the perspective of architecture can identify three clear and interrelated levels (Figure 16):

The first level is the main structure. The city gate consists of six structures: two piers, two wing walls and two barrier walls. They are the south and north piers, the south and north wing walls and the front and rear barrier walls. The piers and abutments are all solid rectangles: the south pier and abutment are long in plane from east to west; North pier, the plane is long from north to south. Wing walls are located on both sides of the square, and their rear ends are respectively against the outer corners of the two piers. The front barrier wall is a U-shaped plane independent shadow wall, which enters and exits the Imperial Tower on both sides, and the doorway is Z-shaped; The rear barrier wall is two parallel walls (discussed further below).

The second level is spatial sequence. The city gate is composed of three spaces, which is a 100-meter-long route. There is a huge square in front of the north and south piers, which is bounded by two wing walls. The space between piers and abutments is divided into two parts by a small retaining wall, which is called vestibule and atrium in this paper. This part of the ground is paved with stones, and stone carvings are found on the ground in the atrium. Behind the north pier is a "U"-shaped space with wooden columns embedded in the wall (called "pilaster hall" in this paper). There is a door in the pilaster hall, and there is a guard room (or door school) about 5 meters in front of it. When people come to the square, they first face the front barrier wall and the north and south piers; Then enter the city gate along the bends on both sides of the front barrier wall; Through the vestibule, into the atrium; Follow the inscription and turn right into the pilaster hall. In the pilaster hall, people need to turn left and then left. Outside the pilaster hall is another school. Go on, and the gate on the imperial terrace will appear on the right.

Fig. 17 shows that there is a modular grid (grid unit is 13.5m× 10m from the south pier) with stone retaining wall, rammed earth core and stone paving.

The third level is scale and proportion. There are a series of proportional relationships between the gate structure and the site. The most important structure of the gate of Huangchengtai is two piers. The south pier has a small width and a large depth (spanning two platforms). Taking it as the basic unit, if its width is a (about 13.5 meters) and the platform depth is b (about 10 meters), the whole site size is 5A×7B;. The square size is 5A×3B;; The width of the north pier is 2A, and the distance between the two piers is 2A (Figure 17). Such a regularly display scale (or grid) is intentionally used in plan and construction. The above analysis shows that the builders of Shigao have mastered certain geodetic methods and have the technology of repairing the site. The skilled skills and level shown in the city gate planning are also reflected in the construction.

Fig. 18 A series of platforms with triangular cross-sections are built on the hillside by terrain (from north to south).

The city gate is built on a slope of 19 degrees, and there are a series of terraces since the square was built. After leveling, the terraces bear huge piers and barriers (Figure 18).

Fig. 19 Construction process of the gate of Huangchengtai (presumably): black is a stone wall and gray is rammed earth.

Up to now, the pier and abutment have not been excavated in the archaeological study of Maomao. At present, the main research object is the site topography and the gate structure. Regarding the construction sequence and construction technology of Huangchengtai Gate, the author’s research conclusions are as follows (Figure 19):

1) According to the topography, six foundation grooves are dug as the foundation of retaining wall, and the function of retaining wall is to support hillside and prevent soil deformation and instability.

2) Build three sections of platform (south side) along the contour line. Between the retaining walls, the fill is mixed with stones and compacted to form a hard and flat surface with a triangular cross section, which serves as the foundation of the south and north piers and the rear barrier wall.

3) The south and north rammed earth piers are built on the prepared platform respectively. The rammed earth pier is wrapped with a stone wall to resist the lateral thrust of soil and rain erosion. The rear barrier wall is built on the third platform and consists of a pair of parallel stone walls. The front barrier wall stands under the hillside in a U-shaped plane. Two wing walls on both sides in front of the city gate demarcate the boundary of the square.

4) Behind the rear barrier wall is the retaining wall of Huangchengtai. On the third platform, at the southern end of the rear barrier wall, an east-west stone wall was built to point the traffic route to the entrance of the north pilaster hall. There is a door before and after the pilaster hall.

The gate of Huangchengtai is a building gate, and there is a pier gate on both sides of the entrance. The pier is rectangular in plane and built on the base, which is built on the site prepared in advance. Archaeological findings show that the core of pier and abutment is rammed earth platform. Around the soil core is a circle of stone walls with a thickness of 3 to 3.5 meters, which is called the closed wall in this paper. The closed wall is made of clay bonded stones, and logs are applied horizontally in the wall. From the square ground to the center of the pier top, the existing heights of the two piers are: the soil core of the north pier is about 6 meters, and the south pier is about 4.5 meters. During the excavation, the white-faced floor was found on the south pier, which the digger thought was a relic of a building not in the same period as the Huangchengtai.

Figure 20 Looking at the North Pier from the South Pier, taken in June 2018.

The plane of the south pier is 13.7m× 21.2m, and the north pier is 26.7m× 14m.. These data include soil cores and stone walls. In fact, the closed wall consists of two or three layers of stone walls with different thicknesses, which are thinned from the inside out. It is impossible to build a multi-storey stone wall at one time. After cleaning and careful inspection, it is found that the pier angle and many parts have been greatly repaired. In other words, after weathering and other damage, stone walls have been renovated or added (Figure 20). In addition, the outermost layer of the closed walls was built on the stone paved ground in the atrium, indicating that they were added after the main stage of the city gate construction, and the width of these later added stone walls was about 1 meter. In this paper, the original stone wall is called the main wall, and the later one is the retaining wall. The multi-storey stone wall shows the continuous maintenance process of the gate of Huangchengtai.

The back wall of the north pier is the east wall of the pilaster hall. Visually, this wall is built on the north pier. In order to investigate its foundation, a hole was dug down the wall at its northern end, with a depth of about 2 meters, and the excavation stopped before reaching the original soil. Based on this, it is speculated that the wall was built on a prepared platform.

The front barrier wall is a shadow wall, with a U-shaped plane, 16 meters long and 3.4 meters wide (rammed earth core, external stone wall), with a height of more than 1 meter, and the wall surface is vertical without any points. Several carved stones were unearthed in the accumulation layer at the outer corner of the barrier wall. Stone carving is the artistic feature of Huangchengtai.

The rear barrier wall opposite the entrance of the city gate is the highest wall in the site. The rear barrier wall is composed of three parallel walls with a total thickness of 10m and a length of 24.5m. The uphill side of the wall is higher than the downhill side. In fact, the last of the three walls is much longer than the first two. It is the retaining wall of Huangchengtai, which is integrated with the rear barrier wall of the city gate. Each wall has a smooth surface, indicating that they are not completed at one time. Compared with the front and back walls, the middle wall has less stones and more mud. A row of holes with regular spacing can be seen on the wall surface of the front wall, which is used for applying logs during construction. The wall is a stone-loess-log structure (see below for details).

The square is located in front of the city gate and is defined by two long wing walls connecting the outer corners of the north pier and the south pier respectively. The tall pier is stacked on the wing wall, which is about 2 meters high. The square is about 65 meters wide from north to south and 33 meters long from east to west. In other words, the city gate retreated to the foot of Huangchengtai. In the design here, the wing wall has three functions: reaching out to embrace people who enter the Imperial Tower, guarding the gate from the wing wall and pier on three sides, and guiding the rain coming down from the hillside. The gate of Huangchengtai naturally drains on the slope of the hillside, and no drainage pipes are found.

Fig. 21 There is an inscription pattern on the ground stone in the atrium of the city gate.

In the U-shaped front barrier wall, the ground slope is 15 ~ 19, and two spaces with different heights and sizes are defined by a pair of short walls, the front is low and then high, and the front is small and then large. The short wall extends about 5 meters from the north and south piers to the doorway, and its structural function is a retaining wall. In this paper, these two spaces are called vestibule and atrium, both of which are traffic spaces, and the ground is covered with flaky sandstone, which is beneficial to drainage in the city gate and prevention of ground erosion. In the middle of the atrium passage, a group of paving stones are engraved with inscriptions, the meaning of which is unknown (Figure 21). There is no sign of wear on the stone surface, indicating that there is no wheelbarrow as a means of transportation.

A) Early remains of stone door sill and wooden door fan

B) Remains of later wooden doorframes

Fig. 22 Door address of pilaster hall

The entrance to the pilaster hall is in the northwest corner of the atrium, and two door addresses are found at the entrance. The early doorway was about 5 meters wide, and there were still stone door sills and wooden doors (identified as pine). The entrance site is downhill, and the doors are undoubtedly open outwards (Figure 22a). In the later period, the width of the entrance is about 2.5 meters. Carbonized wooden doorframes were found in front of the door, which indicated that the pilaster hall was destroyed by fire (Figure 22b).

Figure 23 Plan, elevation and photos of pilaster hall, July 2018.

The plane of pilaster hall is U-shaped, with land surface and built along the slope. On its wall, wooden pillars with regular intervals were found (Figure 23). The author focuses on the original state and function of the pilaster hall. In terms of the original state, it is unknown whether the upper end of the pilaster hall is closed because there is no evidence of the door remaining. In terms of function, the floor of pilaster hall is not paved with stone slabs, while the vestibule and atrium are stone floors, which means that their functions are completely different. After comprehensive consideration, the author thinks that the pilaster hall may be an inner hall with a roof.

The two guard rooms (or door schools) are close to the lower end and the upper end of the pilaster hall respectively. The lower bathroom is next to the northern end of the rear barrier wall, and the upper bathroom is attached to the western wall of the pilaster hall. The two bathrooms are similar in size, with a plane of 6.5m× 5.5m.. Burned wooden components found in the deposit in the upper bathroom should be the remains of the collapsed roof truss. The debris of mud wall painted with colored lines and blocks was also found on the ground, which should be the decorative layer of the collapsed wall. All these phenomena indicate that this is a room with colorful decorations and a roof. The patterns, colors and techniques of the murals here are similar to the fragments found in the East Gate, which are both evidence of the decorative style of Shek Mao.

The remains of the upper bathroom show that its structure is a wooden frame supported by stone walls. Based on all the data, it can be considered that the structure of the house is a wooden frame with slate and a flat roof. The burnt roof truss collapsed on the bathroom floor and the burnt wooden pillars embedded in the wall of the pilaster hall indicate the fate of the gate of Huangchengtai.

The layout of the gate of Huangchengtai is complex. As the first case of this kind of gate in this period, functionally, it is the only way to the Huangchengtai. Starting from the square, through the U-shaped barrier wall, there are carvings on the corner stones; Through the paved atrium, there are inscriptions on the ground stones; Enter the pilaster hall behind the north pier, and the wall is painted with colorful paintings. The winding gate route ends in front of the gate on the imperial platform. In 2018-2019, Shijie Archaeological Team excavated the gate of Huangchengtai and cleaned the stone floor at the entrance.

The materials used in the construction of the gate of Huangchengtai are earth, stone and wood, which are all from the local area: soil covered by mountains, sandstone in ditches and trees by the river. The technology used in mass building is to build a platform with rammed soil and wrap a stone wall. The stone wall is multi-layered, and the thickness decreases from the inside out, and the walls of each layer are flat. From the perspective of construction, we can know that after the stone wall is built, the wall surface is processed on site to make it flat; After the completion of the city gate, it has undergone maintenance, and several maintenance stone walls have been added outside the main structure. An important building technology in the headland is to regularly place logs in the stone wall to form a structural net in the height and horizontal direction. Regarding its function, the author speculates that logs are structural members of the wall and play an important role in construction.

With regard to the name of logs, in the 2013 report on the excavation of rocky headland, the digger borrowed the word "log". This term comes from the French Method of Construction (1103), which refers to the crossbar used in rammed earth walls ("one for every five feet"). "Building French" is the earliest, most complete and comprehensive building code in existence. According to the global archaeological data, rammed earth walls were spread all over Eurasia in the Bronze Age, so this article can’t go into details because of space. Judging from the archaeological remains in China, the early city walls were a combination of piled buildings and plate buildings. The plates used for stacking/plate building are slightly chiseled logs; Build the city wall and reinforce it with wooden stakes. Judging from the existing literature, Shuo Wen Jie Zi has the following contents: "Dry-ramming the end of the wall, planting-building a long version of the wall, and standing-rigid wood." Zhen Gan is also found in Shangshu Fei Shi. From the perspective of architectural technology, there are two research aspects of plate building: first, plate building. Second, reinforced piles. How to use the version? How to use piles? In China’s architectural history, this kind of problem is still inconclusive. Liang Sicheng was the first scholar to systematically annotate "Architectural Style". In his book "Annotation on Architectural Style", there are many discussions about the application of wood, Yongding column and hag wood in the system of building walls and cities. The discovery of archaeological sites in recent 30 years has accumulated a lot of clues to understand this kind of problem. For example, the wall of Lijiaya city site in Shaanxi (late Shang Dynasty-early Western Zhou Dynasty) was rammed with earth and covered with stone walls. There is a row of logs under the attached wall outside the East City Wall. A total of 28 skids were found under the 28-meter-high city wall, with different intervals. The wall of lianyungang rattan flower falling city site (Neolithic age) was built by stacking and adding plates.The middle and both sides of the city wall are reinforced with wooden stakes with a diameter of 20-26 cm and a spacing of 60-70 cm. The wall of Xishan city site (Yangshao era) is built in a square version. The plates cover an area of 3 ~ 4.5 square meters, and the plates are separated by regularly arranged wooden stakes. The diameter of the stake is about 30 cm. Dead wood ash was found in the hole of the wooden stake, which should be the wooden stake left in the city wall after the tamping was completed. There are gray marks left by wooden boards on the inner side of the wall of Mengzhuang city site (late Longshan-late Shang Dynasty), which indicates that the boards remain in place after tamping and have not been taken away. The Yongding column (or hag wood) and log in "Building French Style" are probably similar to the functions of wooden stakes and blocks used in rammed earth city walls. In addition, the pumping wall should be the wall where the wood is pumped away after tamping. For the horizontal logs in the stone wall, this paper uses the title of log to be consistent with the excavation report.

Fig. 24. The retaining wall of Huangchengtai regularly uses transverse rafters.

Fig. 25. Some logs protrude about 30 cm from the retaining wall of Huangchengtai.

On the huge retaining wall of Huangchengtai, the holes left by rotten clogs are easy to identify (Figure 24). Many clogs remain. They are natural trunks with bark and roots (Figure 25). The root of the tree is left outside the wall, which means that the tree is planed out. The tools found in the headland are hammered stone knives and grinded stone knives, spears and axes. It is difficult to treat the roots and barks with these tools. The horizontal spacing of clogs varies from 1 to 2 meters, with an average horizontal spacing of 1.5 meters, and the range of change does not exceed 0.5 meters. The digger thinks that the wood is about 4 meters long. The average vertical distance between horizontal wooden nets is 1.5 meters, and it is not clear whether there are vertical wooden nets at present.

A) rear barrier wall now

B) The distribution status and restoration of Mudong.

Above: there are 9 wooden holes left on the wall; Bottom: eleven clogs are restored according to the spacing law.

Fig. 26 Rear Barrier Wall

There are a row of 9 wooden holes (about 30 cm in diameter) left on the east elevation (or downhill side) of the rear barrier wall of Huangchengtai City Gate. The height of this wall is 1.8 ~ 3.8 meters, and the average distance between wooden holes is 2 meters (Figure 26a). They marked the places where other clogs were placed, and a total of 11 clogs should have been used. If four clogs are a group, the wall can be divided into three groups In other words, the wall may be built in three sections, with an average length of 7.65 meters (Figure 26b). As for the original height of the rear barrier wall, the author observed that there is a proportional relationship between the wood and the stone wall, and then thought that there was a construction relationship between them, that is, the height of the stone wall was determined by both wood and stone. It is assumed that two rows of clogs were used in the stone wall, and the vertical interval between them was 1.6 ~ 1.8 meters. Therefore, the height of the rear barrier wall is up to 5 meters.

Fig. 27 Before building the wall, the pilaster is erected against the wall.

Fig. 28 The wooden column does not exist, but the stone foundation is still there.

On the stone wall of pilaster hall, there are horizontal wooden holes and vertical wooden columns embedded in the wall (Figure 27, see Figure 23 for the location of pilaster). On the left side of the wall (facing the room), there is a row of column seats attached to the wall root, which are 20 ~ 30 cm higher than the existing ground, and the pilaster stands on the stone seats (Figure 28). There are two surviving corner columns, which are 1.3m and 1.4m in height and 30cm in diameter. Piles are part of the wall and may help support the roof.

To sum up, wood is used in three places: first, the door: wooden door frames and doors. 2. Inside the thick stone wall: logs are perpendicular to the wall facade and regularly placed. Pilaster hall: wooden columns are embedded in stone walls. They reinforce stone walls and may support the roof. The pilaster hall spans 8 meters, and no trace of pillars is found on the ground, so the possibility that the pilaster hall is completely covered cannot be determined or ruled out. The wood used in Huangchengtai has been identified: the wooden door at the entrance of pilaster hall is pine, the pilaster in pilaster hall is cypress, and the tree species of cloven wood is Platycladus orientalis.

Stone-making and wood-making technologies are dominant in the rocky promontory, which is obvious in the East Gate, the gate of Huangchengtai and the retaining wall of Huangchengtai. The use of wood for stone walls not only helps to improve the structural stability of the wall, but also plays a role in segmental construction and acts as a "scaffold" in the construction process.

Upper: North pier; Bottom: Nanduntai. Note: Dark color indicates the restoration part.

Fig. 29 Cross-sectional view of the gate of Huangchengtai (restored)

The characteristic of the city gate is the use of clogs in the stone wall, based on the fact that several clogs can be identified in the east of the north pier. Therefore, the wood is the starting point for restoration. After integrating the existing information, the following inference is made about the height of the north pier: the wall uses three layers of wood, and the vertical distance between each layer is about 1.5 meters. A gentle slope is built at the top of the pier for drainage, and a stone surface is paved, and there is a "wall" around the wall. The maximum height of the pier is 8m (Figure 29).

Figure 30 Restoration of Huangchengtai Gate

The gate of Huangchengtai has stood for 4,000 years and still retains a considerable height. Compared with the square ground, the south pier is 4.5 meters high and the north pier is 6 meters high. Assuming that only the top of the two piers has been lost, the necessity of increasing the height of the piers is eliminated, and only the top shape of the piers is restored (Figure 30).

Work hard to build the gate of Huangchengtai

According to Ci Hai, the meaning of the term "merit" is "merit", "work" and "goodness"; Also: "work hard, work also." The word "work limitation" comes from "Building French Style". The explanation of this term in the History of Ancient Architectural Technology in China is: "The quota for calculating the amount of labor in the Building Method is called’ work limit’. We can be deeply impressed by the precision and thoroughness of the calculation of labor days in the project budget of the Song Dynasty. " "Building French Style" is a norm promulgated in the Song Dynasty, aiming at estimating work and materials and providing a basis for the project budget. On the basis of the experience of predecessors and craftsmen at that time, the compilers made detailed provisions on the architectural style and scale, material preparation and the amount of labor for each type of work ("fixed work").

The scale of Huangchengtai City Gate Project is huge. To spy out its construction period, we need to know the following information: project composition, organizational structure and management technology. Based on archaeological data, this paper estimates the information of the amount of labor, construction time and labor force of the gate of Huangchengtai, following the method of determining work in Building French. The reason for this is that the entry of "work limitation" in "Construction Method" is the only reference for studying traditional construction employment. There is a difference of about 3000 years between the writing time of "Building French Style" and that of Shijiao. During this period, the traditional city building technology can’t remain unchanged, but it should remain unchanged. We might as well treat the "work limit" created by tradition as a continuous whole. Based on archaeology and literature, this paper tries to discuss the power limit of the gate of Huangchengtai.

The relevant information of the rocky promontory is as follows: the pier and abutment of the East Gate are compacted rammed earth with clear strips, obvious rammed layer and hard soil, and the pier and abutment are surrounded by a stone wall. Some orderly holes were found in the wall, with round rotten wood traces in them, and the wooden holes were reinforced with grass mixed with mud. These holes should be reserved for the trunk embedded in the stone wall. Signs of rammed small plates were clearly found in the south pier of the gate site of Huangchengtai. The plates were rectangular, and the soil color was different due to different rammed blocks, mainly yellow, white and brown, with solid soil. The soil color of the rammed earth core of the North Pier is mainly yellow and dark brown, and the soil is hard. At present, the thickness of rammed soil layer, the shape, size and distribution of rammed nests are not known.

Ramming soil and formwork construction are ancient building techniques. The principle is: spread soil in foundation trench (foundation) or between formwork (wall), and ram and compact. So, how to ram? How to make it solid? With what tools?

Ramming construction methods and regulations can be found in "Building Method", which is detailed in the article "Trenching and Building Foundation" (Volume III) as follows:

The foundation system, each foot with two loads of soil. The interlayer is made of broken bricks and stones, etc., and also bears two loads. Every time the soil is five inches thick, hit six pestles first (two people hit three pestles in each nest). Hit four pestles each time (two people hit two pestles in each nest). Hit two pestles at a time (two people hit one pestle in each nest). Each of the above shall be leveled, then rolled with a pestle to make it even, then saved with a pestle fan and rolled again. Each cloth is five inches thick and the building is three inches thick. Each cloth of broken bricks and stones is three inches thick, and the building is one inch and five points thick.

The tamping tools used in different times and regions are different: the wall of Wangchenggang in Dengfeng, Henan Province (2455 109 BC) was rammed with pebbles, and the city of Pingliangtai in Huaiyang, Henan Province (2045 175 BC) was rammed with four wooden sticks. The west wall of Zhengzhou shopping mall shows that the diameter of the rammed nest is 2~4 cm, which should be rammed with a wooden pestle.

Relevant data on the thickness of rammed soil layer are as follows: the thickness of rammed soil layer of Chu imperial city wall is 12 ~ 21 cm; The rammed soil layer of Yanxiadu City Wall is 8 ~ 12 cm thick, that of Wei Guoyin Jincheng is 7 ~ 8 cm thick, and that of Han Chang ‘an City is 8 ~ 10 cm thick. It can be said that the thickness of rammed soil layer is about 10 cm, and the maximum is 20 cm (3 ~ 6 inches in song dynasty).

In this paper, the construction method of rammed earth is used to analyze the Huangchengtai, and the labor required to build the gate of Huangchengtai is estimated with reference to the provisions of "Construction Method". Based on the research on the restoration of the gate of Huangchengtai and the source of the stone for the stone building, this paper estimates the number of workers and the time needed for its construction by using the employment regulations and calculation methods contained in the Construction Method. It should be pointed out that the construction tools used in the Song Dynasty, such as shovels for digging, baskets for moving earth and stones, should be more advanced than those used in the construction of the stone platform. Therefore, the estimated labor should be the lower limit.

"Building French" has detailed regulations on the "merit" of each type of work. Work is the amount of work that a skilled worker can accomplish in a working day. The working days in February, March, August and September of the lunar calendar are standard working days, and their workload is called "Zhonggong". It is called "work limit" if it is limited to "successful work". Article "General Rules":

The internal strength of each type is limited, and it is counted as military industry. If you hire an artificial author, you will lose one-third of the military industry (that is, if you hire someone, you will get two credits).

This means that the military industry is a standard worker. If a military worker’s workload in a day is one work, migrant workers are two-thirds. In other words, a military worker works for two days, and a migrant worker works for three days.

The provisions for calculating the workload for building a city can be found in Volume 16 "Work Limit of Trenching" of Building French Style. Types of work include: digging, carrying, building cities (laying stones, tamping muck, scraping walls) and grinding stone surfaces. To a certain extent, the work limit of the trench village involves construction management, and the contents are as follows (omitted if not relevant):

Total miscellaneous work

Sixty catties of dry soil is a load (all things are subject to this), such as eight or more people for heavy objects, five or more people for stone sections, or famous glazed tiles, etc., each weighing fifty catties is a load.

Carrying things 30 miles away, one load reciprocates one work. If one hundred and twenty steps are counted as buttons. A total of one mile is required for each round trip, and so is sixty loads.

If the work is used to carry things, if it reciprocates beyond 60 steps (that is, below 70 steps), it will only be used for work. Or those who have no work to do, each 180 bears a work. Or less than 60 steps, each short step plus a burden.

Those who dig the earth and move the confession within 60 steps will earn one work every 70 feet (for example, if the ground is hard and the sand is mixed, 20 feet will be reduced).

The soil from the bottom is used for the work of the foundation wall of the altar. If the added version is more than ten feet high, one hundred and fifty will bear one work.

The digging, loading and basket loading shall bear one work every 330 (if the ground is hard or the sand is mixed, it shall bear 130 loads).

Tsukiji

Digging the foundation sites such as halls and corridors of the temples (if you go ashore for more than ten feet, you will not count the handling work), and if you are 80 feet square (that is, one foot for each length, width and depth), you will fill and build 60 feet of earth. If you use broken bricks and stone slag, your work will be doubled.

Zhucheng

Each excavation and filling of the city foundation is 50 feet and one work. The same is true for those who cut and dig the old city and build the female head wall and the dangerous wall on the soil.

In 30 steps, the earth will be provided to build a city e, from the ground to the height of 10 feet, and every 150 feet will bear a work (from more than 10 feet to 20 feet, every 100 feet; From more than twenty feet to three feet, every ninety loads; From more than three feet to four feet, every seventy-five loads; From more than four feet to five feet, every fifty-five bears the same. Its degree and the city’s level of competition are not allowed.

There are 200 pieces of grass, or 500 pieces of pegs, or only 40 feet of cutting the city wall (including lifting the rafters), each with a merit.

The provisions on the amount of labor contained in "Construction Method" show that: first, the amount of labor for each type of work is standardized, and the value of "work" is increased or decreased according to the actual work situation (distance and difficulty of work); Second, all types of work are basically completed by "Ben Gong". When the work (such as handling) distance is far more than 70 steps, another handyman is used; Three, the use of two units to measure the workload: weight unit (load) and unit of volume (cubic feet). Weight is used to measure loose objects, such as soil, stones, bricks and tiles, and volume is used to measure excavation and filling.

This paper uses the provisions of "Building French" to calculate the work: First, "60 loads in one mile" is equivalent to "60 loads in one mile". In other words, "work" = distance × weight, or "work" = step × load. According to the Song system, 360 steps are equal to one mile, and one handling work is equal to 21,600 steps ×1 load. Second, the "I-button" of the construction site is 120 steps, that is, a circle with a radius of 60 steps (92 meters). Among them, the employment of each type of work is calculated according to the "work" of each type of work. This rule applies to "work supply" within 70 steps (108 meters). If it needs to be carried by someone other than the "worker", it will be counted as 180 loads for one work. According to 180 loads and 60 steps, the workload is equal to 21,600 steps ×1 load. If the round-trip distance is less than 60 steps, one load will be added for each short step. The value of "step× load" obtained by this algorithm is less than 21600. For example, 50 steps back and forth, 190 bears a work, and each work is only 19,000 steps ×1 bear. This should take into account the time needed for basket loading and rest. Third, "paving and filling 60 feet of soil with one contribution each" shows that paving and filling and filling are two tasks that calculate the workload separately. From the point of view of labor, the increase of height increases the difficulty of earth transportation. Therefore, the work required for paving and filling "building a city with soil" varies with height, while the construction work remains the same.

The pier of the gate of Huangchengtai is rammed with earth, and the wall of the rammed earth is protected by flaky and mud. The similar amount of labor in "Building French" is that in "Building Foundation": "Pave and fill the earth and build 60 feet each. If you use broken bricks and stones, your work will be doubled. " In the following calculation, it is assumed that the rammed earth works 60 cubic feet, and the masonry wall (including mud) works every 30 cubic feet.

The numerical value of "Building French Style" is expressed by the length and weight unit of the Song Dynasty. According to Wu Chengluo’s investigation, the conversion ratio between Song Dynasty and modern times and the conversion relationship of common units are as follows: length unit: one foot = 0.3072m, one step =5 feet = 1.536m, and one mile =360 steps = 110.592m (Note: the definition of "step" is that the left and right legs are each stepped forward as one step. From the Tang Dynasty to the early Republic of China, it took five feet as steps and 360 steps as miles). Weight unit: one kilogram =0.59682 kilograms, one load of dry soil = 60 kilograms =35.8092 kilograms. Unit of volume: One cubic foot =0.02899 cubic meters.

5 Calculation of earth and stone at the gate of Huangchengtai

Barrier wall, wing wall and pier retaining wall are all stone walls. The wall is made of flat sand and rock pieces by staggered joints, and grass is mixed with mud between the stone pieces. The wall is neat and straight, and the surface should be polished, but the stones filled inside the wall are scattered. There is a stone foundation under the wall. The stone retaining wall of the pier and abutment is composed of a main wall (3-3.8m thick) and a retaining wall (1-1.2m thick), and the stones at the junction of the inner wall and the rammed earth core are leveled.

Fig. 31 Material distribution and area of the gate of Huangchengtai (stone wall in gray and rammed earth in yellow)

In this paper, it is assumed that the neat parts of the two walls of the stone wall are 1 meter thick, and the rest are scattered parts; The height is calculated by recovery (Figure 29); The foundation under the stone wall is 0.5 meters deep on average. The gate of Huangchengtai is built on the prepared platform, that is, the platform is trimmed and the foundation trench is dug according to the terrain. From this, the stone volume of the gate of Huangchengtai (except the north wall of pilaster hall) is calculated, and the total volume of stone walls is 6938 cubic meters; Earthwork volume, the total volume of rammed soil is 1640 cubic meters, including 1225 cubic meters obtained by digging the wall foundation and leveling the land (Figure 31).

According to the construction method, the excavation labor is measured by volume and the handling labor is measured by weight and distance. This paper assumes that the physical properties of the material are: the density of ground soil (excavation) is 1800 kg per cubic meter. Rammed soil "one foot per square, two loads of soil" is converted into modern metric system, which is 2470 kilograms per cubic meter. The density of stone (flaky, stone) is 2700kg per cubic meter.

Fig. 32 Huangchengtai construction site and the scope of taking stones and soil.

According to He Limin’s investigation, one of the stone-fetching remains of Huangchengtai is located on the cliff in the southwest of Huangchengtai, from which the distance between the stone-fetching point and Gongniu is obtained (Figure 32). Assume that quarrying works every 70 cubic feet; Basket loading 330 takes a job. Borrowing soil outside the "I-button" is within 120 steps from the center of the construction site, with an average of 90 jobs. Digging according to "hard ground or mixed sand", 50 cubic feet a work; Basket loading 130 takes a lot of work.

Materials for stone wall: For every cubic meter of wall, the average amount of soil and water is 0.3648 cubic meter and 0.1396 cubic meter. Soil without compaction can be regarded as accumulation volume. According to the author’s experiment, the density of soil and mud increases with the increase of water content, and the ratio of its density to its bulk density is about 1.6 under the same water content. From this, we can get (take two significant figures): the volume of mud in the stone wall is 0.35 cubic meters (including 0.24 cubic meters of dense soil), the volume of stone (excluding gaps) is 0.65 cubic meters, and the water is 0.11 cubic meters (some water is absorbed by soil and stone). In the scattered part of stones inside the wall, grass mixed with mud and stones are irregularly mixed, assuming that the content of soil and stones per unit volume is 50% (grass mixed with mud is ignored).

The wall density is calculated according to the density of soil and stone and their respective proportions. The soil density of the neat and straight part of the stone wall is calculated as soil, and the wall density =2700×0.65+1800×0.24=2187 (kg/m3), which is 2190 kg/m3 with three significant figures; The soil density of scattered stones inside the wall is calculated as rammed soil, and the wall density = 2700×0.50+2470×0.50=2585 (kg/m3). Take three significant figures and it is 2590 kg/m3.

The calculation results are as follows: the total volume of stone is 3,965 cubic meters, the total volume of soil is 4,430 cubic meters (including 1,225 cubic meters of excavated earth), and 3,206 cubic meters of soil need to be taken outside the working button (Table 1). Grass is used to mix mud for building stone walls, and 364 cubic meters of water is needed for mixing mud. It should be noted that the water loading tools are unknown and the water intake location has not been investigated.

Table 1 Earth-rock volume of Huangchengtai

Note: 1. Take soil from outside the construction site.

2.1640 cubic meters of rammed soil is equal to 2250 cubic meters of ground soil.

Therefore, the labor for fetching and transporting water is not included.

As for working hours, the Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty says, "Every service has its weight and merits." The article "Look at the details and determine the merits" in "Building French Style" says: "The summer solstice is long, and there are up to sixty minutes. The winter solstice is short, as long as forty minutes. If you succeed in the first class, you will waste a lot of time. Today, I would like to amend the following article according to the Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty. Those who say that they are successful are successful. On a scale of ten, one point will be added for long work and one point will be deducted for short work. Those who have made great contributions are called April, May, June and July. Success means February, March, August and September. Short work means October, November, December and the first month. " Obviously, this is to make the best use of sunshine.

The ancients took a day and night as 100 minutes. "Look at the details", the summer solstice is 60 minutes, and the winter solstice is 40 minutes, which is the approximate sunshine time in Henan. "Building French Style" does not specify how many hours "Zhonggong" is. Assuming that the "medium power" is 50 minutes, the "short power" is 45 minutes, and there are 5 minutes (1.2 hours) before and after the winter solstice. Considering that "short-term work" should also be carried out during sunny hours, the reasonable working hours are "medium-term work" for 45 minutes (10.8 hours/day), "long-term work" for 49.5 minutes (11.88 hours/day) and "short-term work" for 40.5 minutes (9.72 hours/day).

Among the hard work of various types of work listed in Building French, it can be compared with modern times because it is closely related to the carrying distance and walking speed. Generally speaking, people’s walking speed is 3 ~ 5 kilometers per hour. You can’t keep walking fast when carrying heavy loads, but you can walk faster when carrying empty loads. Therefore, you can assume that the average walking speed is 3500 meters/hour. Also, assuming that the loading speed is one load per minute, the time used is:

Fig. 33 Labor and time required for all the functions of "Building French Method" to carry things.

"It takes 30 miles to carry things, and one load reciprocates." Thirty miles to reciprocate is equal to 33.2 kilometers, which takes 9.5 hours, about 40 minutes. "60 steps round trip, 180 loads for one work", with a total distance of 33.2 kilometers, plus 180 loads, it takes 12.5 hours, that is, the upper limit of working hours. "For those who are less than 60 steps, one load will be added for each short step", and it takes 9 hours to load 210 loads in 30 steps, which is a general working time. The handling capacity and time required for 60 to 30 steps are shown in Figure 33.

It should be pointed out that the net working time and constant working efficiency are obtained by this calculation. The actual work should take more time.

According to the method of determining work in Building French, it is concluded that the total labor of the gate of Huangchengtai is 30,572 work (medium work), that is, 30,572 people ×1 day. As mentioned above, the Construction Law stipulates that three employees are equivalent to two military workers. If it is completed in February, March, August and September of the lunar calendar (a total of 118 days), it will require 389 employees or 259 military workers. The difference in the number of employees is due to the different working hours (the workload of an employee is two-thirds of that of a military worker) or the difference in effective working hours (6 hours/day for employees and 9 hours/day for military workers) (Table 2).

Table 2 Work Content, Material Consumption and Work Consumption

The mathematical calculation of the earthwork volume of the gate of Huangchengtai shows that it is possible for 259 military workers or 389 migrant workers to prepare the site, prepare materials and build the gate in four months. However, sufficient labor must be added to collect and transport materials, manufacture and repair tools, etc. For example, the construction of the city gate requires 4000 cubic meters of stones, and the stone taking place shown in Figure 32 may be difficult to meet the needs, so it is inevitable to take stones in many places. In addition, it takes manpower to prepare grass mixed with mud, cut grass, supply water and weave mud baskets. The water may come from a stream in a ditch, or there is a reservoir on the stage. Overall, it is estimated that the manpower invested in material supply should be 50% more. In other words, it should be 45,000 working days on average.

In this paper, the architectural form and construction activities of the gate of Huangchengtai in Shimao during the period from 2300 BC to about 1800 BC were reconstructed and measured: Shimao City consists of east and west parts, and Huangchengtai is located in the west of the middle of Xicheng. The gate of Huangchengtai is the only way to enter Huangchengtai, which is a pier-type gate with complex layout. The construction technology is rammed earth high platform, surrounded by stone walls, with wooden bones inside. The building is decorated with stone carvings and colorful paintings. So far, there are no words found in the rocky headland. Stone symbols on the ground of the atrium of the city gate, or the precursor of words. It took about 400 people to build the gate for 4 months. The gate of Huangchengtai provides good data for further study of the rocky promontory.

Thanks to Li Qinyuan for his special help in 3D photogrammetry and Yan Zheng for drawing. The Master of Architecture of the University of Melbourne (Studio 5 in the second semester of 2018) participated in the research project. ]

Brief introduction of the author

Guo Qinghua, Professor, Ph.D., School of Architecture, University of Melbourne, Australia, mainly engaged in architectural history research.

WeChat official account’s pictures and texts have been abridged. For a complete reading, please refer to Journal of Architectural History, No.1, 2022. All rights reserved, please indicate the source. The standard citation format of this article is as follows, please refer to it:

Guo Qinghua. A hard interpretation of the gate of Huangchengtai in Shimao, Shaanxi [J]// Journal of Architectural History, 2022,3 (1): 109-126.

Original title: "Academic Celebration of China: A Trial Interpretation of the City Gate of Huangchengtai, Shimao, Shaanxi"

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Godfrey Tsao

  BEIJING, July 28 (Xinhua)-On the 27th, the TV series Meet Alex Wong held a press conference in Beijing, starring Godfrey Tsao and Junyan Jiao. At the press conference, in Stefanie’s classic and familiar Meet, Godfrey Tsao and Junyan Jiao appeared romantically, with their heights of 195cm and 163cm, respectively, showing the cutest height difference.

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  As a classic love IP, the original novel "The Past of Lichuan" has become a beautiful memory of youth and love for a generation, which has attracted much attention as early as its preparation. During the filming of the drama, fans shouted on the Internet from time to time, looking forward to seeing the drama as soon as possible.

  It is also known that during the broadcast of "Meet Alex Wong", anhui tv will also launch a special program "Our Youth", which will be broadcast after two episodes every night to tell the story behind the scenes for the audience.

Pave the fast lane of rule of law for innovation-driven development

To realize the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation, we must rely on innovation to drive transformation and upgrading. Carrying out the inspection of patent law enforcement at this time not only embodies the strategic spirit of implementing innovation-driven development emphasized by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, but also prepares for the next revision and improvement of the patent law.

four moon14 Solstice19 Chen Changzhi, vice chairman of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), led the inspection team of patent law enforcement in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) to Zhejiang to carry out inspection. The picture shows the inspection of Ningbo Hefeng Creative Plaza Project. take a photograph/ Chen Jian’ an

After a lapse of eight years, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) once again started the inspection of patent law enforcement. Under the background that the whole country is implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and building an innovative country, the significance of this law enforcement inspection is extraordinary. Chairman Zhang Dejiang attached great importance to this law enforcement inspection and made important instructions, stressing that "it is necessary to strengthen patent application and

Protection will fully reflect the market value of patents, effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of innovators, and provide legal protection for implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and building an innovative country. "

In line with this original intention, in the pastfourMoon solsticefive During the month, the the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Patent Law Enforcement Inspection Team, led by Chen Changzhi, Ji Bingxuan and Chen Zhu, three vice chairmen, and Liu Binjie, chairman of the Education, Culture, Health and Welfare Committee of the National People’s Congress, went to Liaoning, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong and Shaanxi.five Province, the implementation of the patent law on the spot inspection. In the past two months, the inspection team went deep into scientific research institutes, government departments and intermediaries to listen to the difficulties, specific needs, opinions and suggestions encountered by these units in the process of implementing the patent law; Face-to-face communication with patent applicants, business leaders, and scientific researchers to learn about their patent application, application, and protection.

"From the actual situation of inspection, since2008 Since its revision in, the patent law has played an important role in the scientific research development and product upgrading of enterprises, which greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of scientific researchers to apply for patents. Yao Jiannian, member of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) and vice chairman of the Education, Science, Culture and Health Commission, who participated in the law enforcement inspection, said this in an interview with our reporter. Chen Rui Ai, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman of Guangdong Dahuanong Bio-pharmaceutical Company, who also participated in the inspection of law enforcement, said with deep feelings that since the implementation of the patent law, enterprises have dared to innovate and are willing to innovate, so that the whole society can make progress and development from innovation. At the same time, some problems in the implementation of patent law can not be ignored. "The procedures for patent declaration are more complicated and the time for examination and approval is too long; There are too many restrictions on patent implementation and patent transformation; The protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the patentee is not strong enough, which generally reflects that litigation is time-consuming and laborious,’ legally won, economically lost’. " Deputy Chen Ruiai said frankly that these problems show that we need to further strengthen the administrative protection and judicial protection of intellectual property rights. In the opinion of these interviewees, there is still a long way to go before China can realize its magnificent turn from a patent power to a patent power.

Aim at the construction of an innovative country

self2012 Since the new central collective leadership took office in, innovation and patents have been placed at an unprecedented height. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China held this year clearly put forward "implementing the intellectual property strategy and condensing the wisdom and strength of the whole society into innovation and development". A year later2013In 2008, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee set the grand goal of comprehensively deepening the reform, pointed out the need to deepen the reform of the science and technology system, and emphasized the need to strengthen the use and protection of intellectual property rights.

Behind the country’s respect for innovation and attention to patents is that the patent system has become a reality that effectively improves the country’s core competitiveness and promotes economic and social development. Many interviewees pointed out that with the in-depth development of knowledge-based economy and economic globalization, the patent system has been integrated into the operational mechanism of the national innovation system, which undertakes the important mission of guiding the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure, promoting the transformation of development mode and building an innovative country.

 ?? four 14th of the month Solstice19 Chen Changzhi, Vice Chairman of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), led the inspection team of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Patent Law Enforcement to Zhejiang to inspect the implementation of the law. The picture shows the inspection of Wenzhou Jiangnan Valve Factory. take a photograph/ Dai Xiaoyan

Under the theme of this era, it is self-evident that the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) carries out law enforcement inspection on the implementation of patent law. "Doing a good job of supervision is an important duty of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)." Vice Chairman Wang Chen pointed out at the first plenary meeting of the law enforcement inspection team that the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) is2006 The implementation of the patent law was inspected in 2000, which played an active and effective role in promoting it and was widely praised by all walks of life, which coincided with the promulgation of the patent law.30 Anniversary, in order to promote the implementation of this important law, the Standing Committee of the current National People’s Congress once again included the inspection of its implementation in this year’s supervision work plan, which fully reflected that the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) attached great importance to patent work. He stressed that this law enforcement inspection is to grasp the theme of how the patent law provides protection and support for implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and building an innovative country on the basis of a comprehensive understanding of the law enforcement situation, focus on the creation, application and protection of patents, conduct in-depth investigation and study, carefully analyze the problems and causes, put forward targeted opinions and suggestions, and urge the law enforcement authorities to solve the problems existing in the implementation of the law, ensure the good operation of the patent system, and provide a more solid foundation for the all-round development of the patent cause.

"This is very consistent with the strategy of building an innovative country." Vice Chairman Yao Jiannian told reporters that the purpose of this law enforcement inspection is to urge governments and judicial organs at all levels to strengthen the protection and management of patents according to law, optimize the innovation environment, promote the creation and application of patents, give full play to the role of the patent system in guiding the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure and promoting the improvement of innovation capability, and provide a strong legal guarantee for building an innovative country. "To realize the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation, we must rely on innovation to drive transformation and upgrading. Carrying out the inspection of patent law enforcement at this time not only embodies the strategic spirit of implementing innovation-driven development emphasized by the Third Plenary Session of the 18 th CPC Central Committee, but also prepares for the next revision and improvement of the patent law. " Deputy Chen Ruiai said this.

Patent laws and regulations are improving day by day.

arrive2013 By the end of, the effective invention patents in Liaoning Province, an old industrial base, had reached.16092 Number of invention patents per 10,000 people3.67 Pieces, ranking eighth in the country;2013 In, the province’s patent application45996 Piece, authorization21656 Among them, an application for a patent for invention25292 A, ranking ninth in the country, authorized.3830Pieces, ranking twelfth in the country. This set of figures made the the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Patent Law Enforcement Inspection Team shine at the moment. The inspection team pointed out that in recent years, Liaoning Province has shown many bright spots in implementing the patent law, and the level of patent creation, protection, application and management has been continuously improved, and the number of patent applications and authorizations has increased year by year.

The increase in the number of patents stems from Liaoning’s continuous improvement of patent laws, regulations and policies and in-depth implementation of intellectual property strategy.2013 In, the Standing Committee of Liaoning Provincial People’s Congress passed the Patent Regulations of Liaoning Province. It is understood that this local regulation has made new breakthroughs in many aspects such as patent pledge financing, patent award and inventor title evaluation. "This embodies the concept of promotion and service, and provides the necessary legal basis for further implementing the patent law and further improving the creation, application, protection and management of patents." The person in charge of the relevant functional departments of the local government said that in addition, Liaoning Province has successively issued supporting documents such as "Implementation Opinions on Strengthening Patent Work and Improving Independent Innovation Capability", which has played an important role in enterprise research and development and industrial upgrading.

At the same time, Liaoning has promulgated the supporting laws and regulations of patent law that adapt to its own characteristics, so has Guangdong, which is thousands of miles away, and the pace is faster. The the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Patent Law Enforcement Inspection Team pointed out that in recent years, Guangdong Province has successively formulated local laws and regulations such as Guangdong Patent Regulations, Guangdong Independent Innovation Promotion Regulations and Guangdong Exhibition Patent Protection Measures, and issued a series of policy documents such as the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Intellectual Property in Guangdong Province, the Decision to Accelerate the Construction of a Strong Intellectual Property Province, and Several Opinions on Promoting the Development of Intellectual Property Service Industry. In order to improve the ability of independent innovation and realize innovation,

At the national level, the supporting legal system of patent law is also improving day by day. “2010 In, the State Council made a provision to amend the detailed rules for the implementation of the Patent Law. "The relevant person in charge of China National Intellectual Property Administration said that China National Intellectual Property Administration revised the patent examination guidelines twice, and revised the administrative law enforcement measures for patents, the administrative measures for priority examination of invention patent applications and other departmental regulations; Around the promotion of invention, creation and application, the departmental rules and regulations such as the filing method of patent implementation license, the registration method of patent pledge, and the compulsory licensing method of patent implementation have been revised. At the same time, in order to strengthen the protection and application of patents,27 Provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and16 Several large cities have issued local laws and regulations such as patent regulations. It is understood that the patent legal system with patent law as the main body, supporting by supporting administrative regulations and departmental rules, and local regulations as an important part is becoming more perfect.

Patents lead economic transformation and upgrading.

The value of patent lies in its application. This has been vividly interpreted in Zhuhai, the frontier of reform and opening up. From a company’s invention patent "ink cartridge device" to break the monopoly of foreign product patent technology, to a technology company mastering the key core technology of intelligent tablet computer main control chip, it has filled the domestic gap; From Jinshan softwareWPSOFFICE It has become one of the widely used domestic office software in our government, accounting for the market share of provincial government procurement.60%In Gree Electric, we independently developed a series of "international leading" products, such as photovoltaic direct-drive inverter centrifuge system, leading "Made in China" to "Created in China" … A series of product structure and industrial structure optimization and upgrading brought by the application and transformation of patent achievements are being staged here. Talking about this gratifying change, He Ningka, the mayor of Zhuhai, spoke about the patent law. "Promoting the popularization and application of invention patents is one of the legislative purposes of the patent law, and the new patent law is implemented.five Since, we have invested a total of.3937 Ten thousand yuan, supporting the creation, application and industrialization of patents, has effectively promoted the transformation of scientific and technological innovation advantages into the driving force of economic and social development through patents. "

When He Ningka reported to the law enforcement inspection team, he said that from2005 In, Zhuhai implemented the patent technology implementation plan, supporting a number of patented technologies with high technical level and good market prospects to accelerate their transformation into real productive forces every year. end2013 Years, the cumulative project.57 Item, through the implementation of the patent transformation project, new sales.35.1 Billion yuan, profit and tax6.9 100 million yuan, a number of products and technologies with high scientific and technological level and good industrialization effect have emerged.

four moon15 Solstice19 On, Ji Bingxuan, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress led a team to Guangdong to carry out the inspection of patent law enforcement. The picture shows the investigation of Zhongshan (Lighting) Intellectual Property Rapid Rights Protection Center. take a photograph/ Lv Xianhai

After on-the-spot inspection in Guangdong, Vice Chairman Yao Jiannian said with deep feelings that patents have increasingly become the key factor to enhance China’s scientific and technological competitiveness. Huawei, Gree and other advantageous enterprises with strong patent application ability can maintain their competitive advantage in the international market, and the key lies in their scientific and technological strength, which is reflected in the strong protection of patents. In his view, the implementation and revision of the patent law has strengthened the protection and creation of patents, optimized the innovation environment and enhanced the country’s soft power.

This gratifying change is not confined to Guangdong. Figures from China National Intellectual Property Administration show that,2011 In, the total added value of China’s high patent-intensive industries reached.13.1 Trillion yuan, accounting for a quarter of GDP; Take the 15th China Patent Award as an example,25 Since the date of implementation of the gold medal project.2012 At the end of, new sales.1095 One hundred million yuan;2008 Year’s arrival2013 Annualfive Years, the national realization.3482 A pledge loan project, design13117Total amount of patents and pledges648 100 million yuan, the patent system is becoming a strong support to promote industrial upgrading.

It is still on the road to becoming a patent power.

Implementation of patent law30 In recent years, the number of invention patent applications in China has reached record highs. exist2013 In, this figure reached.82.5 Ten thousand pieces, continuousthree According to the ranking first in the world in, the national per capita invention patent ownership achieved the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" goal ahead of schedule. Although the figures are beautiful, according to Vice Chairman Yao Jiannian, the number of invention patents granted that truly reflect the core innovation ability of enterprises is still low. "Although we have scientific and technological innovation enterprises that rank among the top in international patent applications, we still have to see that most enterprises, institutions and scientific research institutions still have few key core technology patents." Yao Jiannian said that from the perspective of industry, there is still a big gap between the amount of invention patents granted in China and that in developed countries; From the perspective of enterprises, the number of patents granted by domestic enterprises in China is still at a low level; From the perspective of universities and scientific research institutions, the basic research ability of these institutions, especially the original innovation ability, is still insufficient. In addition, some members of the inspection team admit that there is a big gap between patent rights protection and the market benefits they deserve. "Patent rights protection has the phenomena of difficult proof, long period, low compensation and poor effect." Deputy Chen Ruiai said that patent litigation is also faced with embarrassing situations such as "winning the lawsuit and losing the market" and "winning the lawsuit and losing money". Taking Zhejiang as an example, the inspection team conducted research and discussion in Zhejiang.twelve Home enterprises,six Among the universities and scientific research institutions, there are11 Home enterprises,five Universities and scientific research institutions reflect the ineffective patent protection, and the investigationfive Patent agencies and law firms all reflect the lack of patent protection.

Although Zhejiang Province has done a lot of work in strengthening patent administrative law enforcement and judicial protection, the intensity of patent protection can not meet the needs of the market, which has damaged the innovation enthusiasm of enterprises to some extent.

In this regard, the inspection team pointed out that it is necessary to constantly improve the patent legal system with China characteristics based on national conditions and in line with international rules; Give full play to the supporting role of the patent system in building an innovative country and promoting economic and social development, promote the introduction of patent policies that meet the needs of national industrial restructuring, and encourage enterprises, scientific research institutions and institutions of higher learning to actively apply for and use patents; It is necessary to further improve the patent management system and mechanism, improve the patent protection mode coordinated by judicial and administrative law enforcement, effectively reduce the cost of rights protection, and earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of patentees; We should adhere to the people-oriented principle, strengthen the construction of patent talents, and vigorously promote the intellectual property cultural concept of respecting knowledge, advocating innovation, honesty and abiding by the law in the whole society. (Text/reporter) Liang Guodong)

How to be the master of the holy light in World of Warcraft? Introduction to the master task of the holy light.

In the World of Warcraft game, the owner of the holy light needs to go to the library in the hands of Tyre, the Eastern Plague, to get holy water from the holy basin, and then to find four things. Arcane catalyst and Dusk are sold. Azeroth diamonds can kill plague dogs and rotten mud in the Eastern Plague, and they can also be obtained by mining. The original black diamonds can kill the Eastern Plague elite.

First, at the age of 60, first go back to Silver Moon City to take the task, just below the trainer, that is, the person who posted the professional task. The task requires you to find an NPC, which is actually in the basement.

Sacrifice and justice

In order to prepare for this challenge, you must first show your sacrifice and justice … … Mainly sacrifice, sacrifice the necessary people to achieve their just goals. You must get the spirit of Naru from Liadrin, a senior Blood Knight, before you can proceed to the next task. Remember, because your goal is just, you need to extract the spirit of Naru, and you need the sacrifice of Naru to take advantage of the power of the light. Go to Silvermoon City and talk to Senior Blood Knight. Of course, she needs to be given enough money in exchange for strength. Go now, Blood Knight. Time is pressing.

Second, after handing in the task, you will receive a task and ask for money.

The items needed are 40 runes, 6 gold ingots, 5 dark runes, 10 sungrass and 150 gold. (Here, I bought 15 grasses with Aojin, the dark rune painted in STSM, and the sun grass bought in the auction house for 5 gold, hehe). I handed in all the items and received the next task.

Third, show loyalty

It is not difficult to kill 15 engineers of the Natural Disaster Corps and burn 3 engineering chariots at the junction of the land of ghosts and the land of the Eastern Plague, and the task can be completed by yourself.

Fourth, the true master of the light (elite)

After handing in the last task, I received a JY task to find the holy water in the library of Tyre’s hand. I was killed by a group of friends. The location of the holy water is the room on the left side of the door and the second inner room. After getting the holy water, three elite friends will be suggested to go together. It’s a little difficult to go alone-#

Five, the true master of the light

She will ask you to prepare arcane catalyst X1 shimmer powder X1 original black diamond X1 Azeroth diamond X1 after handing in holy water.

Arcane catalyst X1 45G shimmer powder X1 135G

Arcane catalyst is purchased from the casting material dealer in Silver Moon City and from the poison dealer.

I took the original black diamond and Azeroth diamond at the auction house.

Six, the true master of the light (dungeon)

After handing in all the items above with tears, I received a new task and went to STSM. The location is at the back door of STSM. The room you see when you enter the door is a small brazier. After it is extinguished, the NPC around you will start to attack. After killing him, four elite knights wearing this T2 will come at the door. (I was helped by 70SS, 67 thieves and 64 priests), so it was done quickly. At this moment, it is suggested that the task is completed. Go back and hand in the task.

Beijing: The study will expand the scope of vehicles restricted from entering the Fifth Ring Road to the national gasoline vehicles in due course.

CCTV News:On July 18th, the website of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Commerce reported that 11 departments including Beijing Municipal Bureau of Commerce issued a notice on several measures to speed up the circulation of used cars and promote the upgrading of automobile consumption.

Some measures to speed up the circulation of used cars and promote the upgrading of automobile consumption

In order to speed up the circulation of used cars, promote the optimization and upgrading of automobile consumption in this city, and further meet the consumption needs of the people, the following measures are formulated.

First, facilitate the trading of used cars

1. Improve the service ability of used car operators. Encourage the digital transformation and upgrading of the second-hand car trading market, support the development of second-hand car Internet enterprises, guide car dealers to accelerate the development of second-hand car distribution business, promote the brand operation of second-hand car distribution enterprises, and improve the after-sales and maintenance support system for second-hand cars. (Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Municipal Market Supervision Bureau)

2. Optimize the second-hand car transaction process. Promote second-hand car trading contracts and electronic vehicle files; Promote the one-stop completion of second-hand car trading, tax payment, insurance and registration in automobile distribution enterprises or second-hand car trading markets; Realize that the transaction party directly handles the transaction registration formalities at the location of the vehicle. (Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing Banking Insurance Regulatory Bureau, Beijing Taxation Bureau)

3. Improve the supporting services of turnover indicators. Study the temporary road permit if necessary, optimize the process of enterprise qualification verification, sales invoice issuance, transaction inspection and seal, and realize the one-stop service of internet platform for distributing turnover indicators. (Municipal Communications Commission, Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau)

4. Improve the credit system of used car trading. Support industry organizations to establish a life-cycle second-hand car trading information platform, promote the opening of non-confidential and non-private vehicle information to the society, and gradually implement the market-oriented operation of information services that meet the relevant requirements of the state, such as vehicle insurance claims and maintenance, so as to realize the transparency of second-hand car information. (Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing Taxation Bureau, Municipal Transportation Commission, Beijing Banking Insurance Regulatory Bureau, and Municipal Market Supervision Bureau)

5. Ensure smooth logistics and main business under the epidemic situation. Coordinate transportation resources such as roads, railways, ports, etc., set up a green channel for vehicles with normal epidemic situation to enter and leave Beijing, and include key enterprises in the "white list" management to ensure smooth logistics. On the premise of doing a good job in epidemic prevention and control, we will ensure the stable and orderly operation of the used car trading market and automobile distribution enterprises. (Municipal Communications Commission, Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, district governments, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone Administrative Committee)

Second, speed up the circulation of used cars

6. Accelerate the elimination and update of passenger cars. Individual consumers who scrap or transfer passenger cars registered in my name in this city for more than one year from June 1 to December 31, 2022, buy new energy passenger cars in automobile sales enterprises in this city, and get a license in this city, will be given a maximum subsidy of not more than 10,000 yuan/set. (Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Municipal Bureau of Economy and Information Technology, Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing Municipal Taxation Bureau, district governments, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone Administrative Committee)

7. Promote the domestic circulation of used cars. Enterprises that have contributed to the incremental transfer of used cars shall be given appropriate incentives or loan discount support. Encourage a new model of second-hand car circulation, support Internet platform enterprises, automobile distribution enterprises and second-hand car trading market to give full play to their respective advantages, and build a nationwide network system. (Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Municipal Transportation Commission, Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing Taxation Bureau)

8. Expand the scope of restricted old cars. On the basis of the restriction of one country, two gasoline vehicles and three diesel vehicles from entering the Fifth Ring Road, the scope of restricted vehicles will be extended to three gasoline vehicles in due course. (Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Municipal Transportation Commission, Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau)

9. Support used car companies to explore overseas markets. Expand the pilot scope of second-hand car export enterprises, continuously improve the ability of independent innovation, optimize the commodity structure, accelerate the pace of international market development, and enhance international competitiveness. Support car dealers and manufacturers in this city to join the Internet e-commerce and overseas trade service providers to go to sea, and provide loan interest subsidies and premium subsidies to qualified second-hand car enterprises to newly set up or merge the same type of enterprises in countries along the Belt and Road. The investment of more than 5 million US dollars will be given a one-time subsidy of up to 1 million yuan, and the same declared enterprise will receive a maximum of 10 million yuan in that year. (Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing Customs)

10. Improve the replacement rate of new energy used cars. Strengthen the circulation management of new energy used cars, standardize the market order, and improve the residual value of new energy used cars by means of battery cascade utilization. (Municipal Bureau of Economy and Information Technology, Municipal Bureau of Commerce) 

Third, expand the supply and consumption of automobiles

11. Improve the city’s new car supply support capacity. Support enterprises in this city to improve the independent research and development capabilities of high-end cars and new energy smart cars, speed up the localization of key components such as automobile chips, guide enterprises to develop and lay out supply chains in Beijing, and shorten the delivery cycle of new cars. Promote the development of pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, and optimize the production capacity layout and supply capacity of new energy vehicles. (Municipal Bureau of Economic and Information Technology, Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Public Security Traffic Management Bureau of Municipal Public Security Bureau, district governments, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone Administrative Committee)

12. Increase financial service support. Encourage financial institutions to provide comprehensive financing services, promote the innovation of new car consumption and second-hand car circulation financial products, and enrich the supply of inclusive finance products for automobile consumption. Provide characteristic financial services for market segments to meet diversified automobile consumption needs. Guide financial technology such as big data, cloud computing and blockchain to improve loan efficiency, innovate risk assessment methods and broaden coverage. (Beijing Banking Insurance Regulatory Bureau, Municipal Financial Supervision Bureau)

13. Carry out consumption promotion activities. Encourage district governments, industry associations and automobile sales enterprises to carry out various automobile consumption promotion activities. Encourage auto dealers to increase the supply of goods in Beijing, and give up to 500,000 yuan of financial support to eligible auto retailers who actively participate in the Beijing consumption season. (District governments, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone Administrative Committee, Municipal Bureau of Commerce)

Policy Interpretation of "Several Measures on Accelerating the Circulation of Used Cars and Promoting the Upgrade of Automobile Consumption"

In order to speed up the circulation of used cars, promote the optimization and upgrading of automobile consumption in this city, and further meet the consumption needs of the people, 11 departments including the Municipal Bureau of Commerce and the Municipal Bureau of Economic and Information jointly formulated "Several Measures on Accelerating the Circulation of Used Cars and Promoting the Upgrading of Automobile Consumption" (hereinafter referred to as "Measures"). 

I. Drafting background

Automobile is one of the important pillars of the national economy, involving a wide range and high correlation, and it is a key field to expand domestic demand and stimulate consumption. Since the beginning of this year, the State Council has successively issued "Opinions on Further Releasing Consumption Potential to Promote Sustainable Recovery of Consumption" and the State Council’s "A Package of Policies and Measures to Firmly Stabilize the Economy", focusing on promoting automobile consumption and deploying a series of policy measures from various aspects. The "Implementation Plan for Overall Prevention and Control of Epidemic Situation and Stabilizing Economic Growth in Beijing" also clearly proposes to promote automobile consumption. The promulgation of the "Measures" will accelerate the replacement and circulation of used cars and transfer them out of the city, which is of great practical significance for stimulating new car consumption and promoting automobile upgrading.

Second, the main contents and highlights

The Measures put forward thirteen specific measures around the general idea of "facilitating transactions, accelerating circulation and expanding consumption", aiming at further optimizing the circulation environment of used cars and creating greater market space for new car consumption.

(1) facilitating transactions. Five measures are put forward: enriching the main body of used car business, optimizing the process of used car trading, perfecting the supporting service of turnover index, perfecting the credit system of used car trading, and ensuring smooth logistics and main business under the epidemic situation. By optimizing the second-hand car trading process, improving the supporting service of turnover index and perfecting the credit system of second-hand car trading, the problem of inconvenient second-hand car trading can be solved and the convenience of second-hand car trading can be improved. The optimization of the development environment will help to enhance the enthusiasm of used car dealers, trading markets and consumers and further activate the market.

(2) Accelerate circulation. Five measures are put forward, such as speeding up the elimination and renewal of passenger cars, promoting the domestic circulation of used cars, expanding the scope of restricted old cars, supporting used car enterprises to explore overseas markets, and improving the replacement rate of new energy used cars. By promoting the renewal, ensuring the relocation, expanding the restrictions and going out, the stock market can be updated, and the automobile consumption can be accelerated in line with the existing policies such as automobile purchase tax reduction and exemption. In particular, it is proposed that "for passenger cars that have been scrapped or transferred out of the city for more than one year from June 1 to December 31, 2022, new energy passenger cars should be purchased in automobile sales enterprises in this city, and individual consumers who have been licensed in this city should be given a maximum subsidy of not more than 10,000 yuan/set" to promote automobile replacement and stimulate consumption growth.

(3) expanding supply and consumption. Put forward three measures: improving the ability of new car supply guarantee in this city, increasing financial service support and promoting consumption activities. At present, due to the chip constraints and the decline in output caused by the epidemic, the new car sales booking cycle is long and the delivery speed is slow. In the "Measures", it is pointed out that the supply of new cars should be further increased. On the production side, it is proposed to "support enterprises in this city to improve the independent research and development capabilities of high-end cars and new energy smart cars, speed up the localization of key components such as automobile chips, guide enterprises to develop and lay out supply chains in Beijing, and shorten the delivery cycle of new cars. Promote the development of pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, and optimize the production capacity layout and supply capacity of new energy vehicles. " On the sales side, it is proposed to "encourage auto dealers to increase the supply of goods to the Beijing market, and give up to 500,000 yuan of financial support to eligible auto retailers who actively participate in the Beijing consumption season". Through the efforts at both ends of the chain, we will increase the supply to the Beijing market and promote the consumption of new cars.

One month after the opening of the Sichuan restaurant downstairs, the residents upstairs said that they "eat" lampblack every day.

  Mr. Yang complained that the Sichuan restaurant downstairs smoked people.

  There are several restaurants downstairs in Building 5, Ma ‘anchi East Road. Huang Pan/photo

  Wenzhou Net News The Sichuan Restaurant downstairs has been open for more than a month, and the residents upstairs in Building No.5, Ma ‘anchi East Road in the urban area report that they "eat" oil smoke almost every day. Mr. Yang said that he had complained to the relevant departments many times and the problem was still difficult to solve.

  Why is a complaint handled by multiple departments embarrassing? Since last year, the pre-approval of industrial and commercial registration has been changed to post-approval, which greatly facilitates the work of citizens and enterprises, and also tests the cooperative management ability of relevant departments. According to the municipal supervision department, with the introduction of new measures, EIA is no longer a precondition for obtaining a business license, which means that restaurants can take photos first and then EIA. The environmental protection department said that after individual restaurants took photos, they opened without environmental assessment, and the environmental protection department had no right to punish. "There are individuals who exploit the loopholes in the early stage, and our management pressure in the later stage is naturally great." A person from the Municipal Bureau of Urban Management and Administrative Law Enforcement said this.

  "Representative Online" is concerned today: How to stop the "leaked" lampblack?

  complain

  It’s hard to be smoked by "boiled fish" in the restaurant downstairs every day

  Mr. Yang, a resident, said that the place where he lives was quiet and comfortable. Since the opening of the Sichuan restaurant downstairs, he has been smoked by the smell of "boiled fish" and "fried peppers" every day, which is really hard. "Not to mention the noise of the restaurant, it is this smell that makes us afraid to open the window."

  Recently, the reporter came to this restaurant downstairs by Mr. Yang as an ordinary customer. The manager revealed that the business license was available, but no environmental assessment was made. When asked about the smell, what should I do if it affects the residents upstairs? The manager said, "The taste is there, but you should understand it when doing business."

  survey

  How did the restaurant complained about open?

  The soot management of catering enterprises from start-up to later stage involves many departments such as municipal supervision, environmental protection, urban management and administrative law enforcement. Then, how did the restaurant complained by Mr. Yang and other residents open, and how should this matter be solved?

  Lucheng District State Administration for Market Regulation Administrative Examination and Approval Branch Registration Section:

  Supervise difficult restaurants in advance and get a license before EIA.

  To open a restaurant for business, you must first obtain a license and a photo (business license and catering service license) from the municipal supervision department.

  The "Instructions for Individual Industrial and Commercial Households to Apply for Business Licenses" in the Accreditation Hall of State Administration for Market Regulation Shui Xin Prison in Lucheng District lists the materials needed to apply for the above licenses, including the house lease contract or the certificate of free use, the copy or certificate of real estate license, the copy of health certificate, etc., and does not require the provision of "environmental assessment" materials.

  The staff of the accreditation hall of the Shui Xin Municipal Supervision Office said that after individual industrial and commercial households obtain their licenses, the municipal supervision department will give them a "notice sheet for handling the license first" to remind them to go through relevant procedures with the environmental protection department. "Now the EIA is all post-positioned."

  The relevant person in charge of the Registration Section of State Administration for Market Regulation Administrative Examination and Approval Branch of Lucheng District said that before, the approval of environmental protection was a prerequisite for obtaining a business license. After the implementation of the new measures, the municipal supervision department only examines the places of catering and employees to see if they have the main qualifications.

  The person in charge also said that at present, there is no networking between the two departments, which means that if catering enterprises do not go to the environmental protection department to handle the relevant licensing procedures consciously, it is difficult for the environmental protection department to effectively supervise enterprises with possible pollution beforehand.

  Lucheng District Environmental Protection Bureau Examination and Approval Section:

  The environmental protection department is responsible for approval and acceptance, but has no law enforcement power.

  Ni Lujing, chief of the examination and approval section of Lucheng District Environmental Protection Bureau, said that at present, the main basis for the examination and approval of the catering industry by the environmental protection department is the Detailed Rules for the Examination and Approval of Environmental Impact Assessment Documents of Wenzhou Catering and Entertainment Industry, and the EIA application materials of catering enterprises can only pass the examination and approval if they meet the provisions in the Detailed Rules. After the examination and approval, the catering enterprise shall apply to the local environmental protection office for acceptance. Only after the acceptance is qualified can the catering place be officially put into use.

  However, some people in the environmental protection department admitted frankly that from the submission of EIA materials to the final acceptance, it mainly depends on "corporate consciousness". "The environmental protection department has no law enforcement power, so if catering enterprises don’t take the initiative to do environmental assessment, the environmental protection department can’t punish them."

  Law Enforcement Supervision Department of Urban Management and Administrative Law Enforcement Bureau:

  There are many ways for illegal bosses to escape punishment.

  According to incomplete statistics, at present, there are nearly 3,000 restaurants in Lucheng, Ouhai and Longwan districts, among which small restaurants account for a high proportion.

  The person in charge of the law enforcement supervision department of the Municipal Bureau of Urban Management and Administrative Law Enforcement said that after receiving complaints about oil fume pollution, law enforcement departments will require catering enterprises to rectify. Law enforcement departments have the right to impose heavy penalties on those who refuse to make rectification or rectification is not in place.

  "If citizens complain about cooking fume pollution, we need to monitor it, and if the results exceed the standard, we can file a case for investigation." The person in charge said that the soot pollution index needs professional and authoritative testing.

  In addition, even if a case is filed, many restaurant owners will try their best to escape punishment in law enforcement.

  "It is often the case that when a restaurant is to be punished, the boss directly closes the store or transfers it, and some even go to the municipal supervision department to change its name." The person in charge said that once the restaurant is transferred or the business owner changes, the law enforcement department can only terminate the investigation procedure.

  The municipal supervision department revealed that if the materials submitted by individual industrial and commercial households meet the management norms, they must change their names according to law.

  Discussion on how to stop the "leaked" oil fume.

  Yesterday, Xu Xudong, a sociologist at Wenzhou University, talked about how to stop the "leaked" lampblack: "The post-EIA procedure gives enterprises more convenience and freedom. At the same time, it also increases the management difficulty of relevant departments. The resolution of this contradiction requires better connection between various departments. "

  At 10: 00 this morning, Ye Hongkang, deputy director of Lucheng District Market Supervision Administration, Ni Lujing, chief of the examination and approval department of Lucheng District Environmental Protection Bureau, Xie Jianguang, deputy director of Lucheng District Urban Management and Administrative Law Enforcement Bureau, Jiang Yongxiao, a partner and lawyer of Beijing Deheng (Wenzhou) Law Firm, and Chen Yong, a representative of the provincial people’s congress, will be invited to discuss this issue in depth, so please pay attention. You can send Weibo @ Wenzhou. com to represent online, or call the news hotline 56686612 and 88097055 to leave an interactive message.

Domestic network animation: from indulging in adaptation to focusing on originality

In recent years, China’s network animation has developed rapidly. According to relevant statistics, in 2019 and 2020, there were 26 and 24 online original animations respectively, and in 2021, it reached 42. By April, 2022, the cumulative broadcast volume of Douluo Continent had exceeded 40 billion times, setting a new high for animation in China. There are also works such as "Breaking the Sky", "Perfect World" and "One Thought of Eternity", with hundreds of millions of broadcasts and high attention. However, corresponding to the sharp increase in the number of works and the hot market response, the quality of many works has been criticized, and there are not many masterpieces that are both applauded and popular. This paradox of upside-down click volume and word-of-mouth should arouse practitioners’ thinking.

We are building a production and broadcasting industry chain with low cost, high efficiency and assembly line.

With the development of video websites, domestic animation has experienced a media shift from TV animation to network animation. The continuous emergence of network animation works has gradually broken the situation that the audience of TV animation is relatively young, and satisfied the diverse needs of audiences of different ages for animation with more diversified positioning. At the beginning, many creators chose the strategy of comic adaptation, and formed the operation mode of "comic+animation company+video platform" in their exploration, and created works such as "100,000 cold jokes". In 2015, the animation "Choosing Heaven" adapted from the online novel of the same name was launched, and online animation entered the era of online adaptation.

Works such as "Breaking the Sky" and "Fighting the Mainland" have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, and online animation has shifted its creative perspective to the field of online novel adaptation. Some works are led by the online literature platform, and the original online novel text is handed over to the animation production company for visual adaptation, and then the finished products are put on the online audio-visual platform to play; Others are directly cooperated by the online literature platform and the online audio-visual platform. For example, the Reading Group and Tencent Group signed the "300-part network text modification plan", creating a low-cost, high-efficiency and streamlined production and broadcasting industry chain.

According to statistics, more than half of the top ten online animations in 2021 are adaptations of online novels. The reason why the animation adapted from the net text has such an amazing amount of play is mainly the result of the superposition effect of fans. Online novels adapted from online animation are often explosive works of online platform and have a large number of fans. Animation production companies also have a group of loyal fans, coupled with the audience’s viewing habits cultivated by the online audio-visual platform after more than ten years, the three have formed a joint force, which has made the number of works adapted from online texts hit record highs.

Facing the polarization of broadcasting and word of mouth

While the adaptation of online text has become the "new darling" of online animation creation, it faces the polarization of broadcasting and word of mouth. Many works are played in hundreds of millions, but the audience evaluation is worrying. For example, in the eleventh chapter of Douluo Continent, the score on Douban dropped from 7.2 to 6.6, while in the first season of The Demon God, it was 6.5, and in the first season of Fighting through the Sky, it was only 5.6. Among the top 50 animations in Douban’s rating list, there are only a handful of animations adapted from online texts. The current network animation creation faces some unavoidable problems.

First, the source is not wide. The text adapted from online text and animation is basically a work that has been a hit on the original online literature platform, and the source of the text is mainly concentrated in a few head writers. These writers have a large fan base, and choosing their works can guarantee the amount of play. The higher the broadcast volume, the more the producer prefers to choose other works of this writer for adaptation, thus falling into the strange circle of one-way text selection. There is a serious homogenization problem in the works of these writers, which drags the creation of online animation into the world of cultivating immortals and fantasy, forming a bad and closed internal cycle.

Second, the style is not high. Some online animations are full of violence, blood and pornography, which can easily distort the audience, especially teenagers’ cognition of the real world. Many online animations tend to be too entertaining, and the proportion of confrontation and cultivation of immortals is too large. There are still many works that blindly rely on the strength of others to challenge their opponents when expressing the growth process of the protagonist. Such a plot also ignores the significance of personal struggle and conveys negative values such as getting something for nothing.

The third is poor quality. The quality of online animation is uneven, especially in the scene, character modeling and duration. For example, in a film, the "Fire Python Tiger" described in the original work is a fierce and domineering beast, but it has become a small and cartoon cat image in the animation, which is neither loyal to the original work nor acceptable to the audience. In terms of the length of time, some online texts have shrunk dramatically. The length of an animation episode is less than 20 minutes, and the effective content is only more than 10 minutes except the opening and closing, and there are a lot of soft advertisements, which seriously affect the viewing experience.

The profound traditional culture of China is still the foundation of creation.

Since June 1st this year, the State Administration of Radio and Television has implemented a licensing system for the distribution of domestic online dramas, which means that the "licensing era" of more standardized and stricter online audiovisual has arrived. In this context, network animation should also improve the level of specialization and standardization, face up to the problem of being addicted to adaptation, devote itself to creating excellent masterpieces that are applauded and popular, and embark on a breakthrough road from adaptation to originality.

It should be noted that teenagers are an important audience for online animation. Therefore, the value orientation of network animation is particularly critical, which is related to helping children to button up the "first button" of life and lay a solid foundation of thought and values. However, in some current online animation works, the values spread are vulgar and negative. Therefore, the creation of online animation needs to further strengthen the sense of orientation, with correct political orientation, healthy ideological orientation, noble moral orientation and rich cultural orientation, so that online animation has soul, affection and love, and truly becomes a spiritual and nutritious feast for the audience.

Orientation is conveyed by telling stories. Therefore, what kind of theme to choose and what kind of story to tell is an urgent problem for network animation creators. We should jump out of the stereotype that the current creation is limited to the adaptation of online literature and open up a broader imagination space. On the one hand, based on tradition, draw nutrition from excellent traditional culture. At present, most of the network animations related to the traditional culture of China are "old wine in new bottles", and the author makes up new content based on fairy tales. Although this has a certain relationship with the traditional culture, it does not excavate and present the traditional culture rigorously and profoundly. China’s traditional culture is extensive and profound, among which there are numerous excellent story texts, including not only fairy tales, but also legendary historical events, heroes and classical opera stories. Network animation should select more excellent story texts to create. On the other hand, keep close to reality and create more works that closely follow the main theme. In recent years, a number of animation works have been deeply excavated and diversified around important time nodes and major events such as poverty alleviation and the centenary of the founding of the Party, which have been welcomed by the audience. For example, Diary of the King, from the perspective of an orange cat, introduces the cause of poverty alleviation and teaching in China, bringing a warm and meaningful viewing experience to the audience. It can be seen that while showing people’s imaginative world, online animation should also pay more attention to the real world, aim the lens at ordinary people in life and interpret their extraordinary stories, so as to make the creation more practical and social.

Creators should also focus on the aesthetic field and take the aesthetic implication of creating China characteristics as their conscious pursuit. In the middle and late last century, Shanghai Animation Film Studio and other China’s animation works were world-renowned, creating the animation forms of ink painting, paper cutting and origami, and produced works such as Little Tadpole Looking for Mom, Mountain Scenery, Mudi and Deer Bell, which attracted foreign animation directors to learn from their teachers. However, with the development of China animation to today’s network animation stage, the traditional aesthetic implication of China is somewhat thin. Many works are influenced by foreign animation styles and lack distinctive local characteristics. Therefore, network animation should dig deep into China’s aesthetic wealth and create more excellent animation works that reflect China’s aesthetic style. In addition, aesthetics and technology go hand in hand, so how to innovate science and technology and improve art and technology simultaneously is an important development trend of network animation. At present, VR and AR technologies are relatively mature, and network animation can be actively used in the creative process, which makes the creation by going up one flight of stairs in visual presentation.

In short, network animation, as a new variant of domestic animation, has great development potential. Creators should adhere to the concept of integrity and innovation, enhance their original ability, enrich artistic expression, convey mainstream values silently, create more classic artistic images, create more far-reaching works of art, and improve the overall quality of China animation, so as to make it an important force to enhance cultural self-confidence and boost culture to the sea.

??(Author: Liu Hanwen, Professor of Communication College of Fujian Normal University, Zheng Zekun, Master of Communication College of Fujian Normal University in 2021)

Since the sale of 265,800, 2024 Aouita 12 has been officially listed.

  [car home new car listed] On March 29th, 2024 Aouita 12 was officially listed.The new car has launched four models.The price range is 265,800-400,800 yuan.Aouita 12 is positioned as a medium-sized and large-sized pure electric vehicle. As a small modified model, the new car has been upgraded in terms of configuration, with new configuration such as golden paint and zero-gravity seats in the front row. In addition, Aouita has announced a number of rights and interests, and will enjoy preferential prices before April 30th, as shown in the following figure.

2024 Aouita 12 Guide Price car make and model Price (ten thousand yuan) 700 Three-Laser Rear-Drive Smart Edition 26.58 700 three laser rear drive luxury edition 30.08 650 three laser four-wheel drive performance edition 34.08 650 three laser four-wheel drive GT version 40.08

Home of the car

Home of the car

Home of the car

Home of the car

● New car features

Home of the car

  In terms of appearance, the new car continues the current appearance design, adheres to the overall design concept of "Future Aesthetics", adds bright gold car paint and adopts chameleon effect pigment, which can present the effect of "floating gold" at a specific angle. The new car is designed with a simple front face without mesh, and the curved LED strip on both sides is integrated with the triangular headlights, which is very futuristic. In addition, the front of the car is equipped with a large number of sensors such as three lidar, millimeter wave radar, ultrasonic radar and camera.

Home of the car

  From the side of the car body, Aouita 12 has smooth body lines, and the slip-back design makes it look more agile, without the heavy feeling of traditional medium and large cars. The muscular fender and the large-sized rim show the sports style well. It is worth mentioning that the car does not use traditional exterior rearview mirrors, but uses electronic exterior rearview mirrors to further enhance the sense of science and technology.

Home of the car

  The design of the rear of the vehicle is unique, and the window lines meet at the rear to form a sharp V-shaped rear window. The taillights are not designed through, and the slender shape creates a simple and sharp visual effect. In addition, there is an active lifting spoiler at the rear of the new car. In terms of body size, the length, width and height of the new car are 5020/1999/1460(1450)mm and the wheelbase is 3020mm respectively.

Home of the car

  As for the interior, Aouita 12 adopts the minimalist design concept of Gentle Tech, which reduces the physical buttons and only keeps the commonly used essential buttons. The cockpit adopts a 35.4-inch 4K panoramic widescreen design, with the display screens of streaming media rearview mirrors on both sides, and the central part is used to display driving-related information. The center console continues to be equipped with a 15.6-inch central control panel, and is equipped with HarmonyOS Huawei HarmonyOS Vehicle System and Huawei Advanced Intelligent Driving Solution 2.0, which can still realize the advanced intelligent driving assistance function without high-precision maps.

Home of the car

Home of the car

  The front seat of the new model has been upgraded to zero gravity seat, with 16-way electric adjustment, 3-speed heating/ventilation, 8-point massage and other functions. In addition, the car system card ushered in optimization, adding a variety of function cards, visual effects and custom entrance optimization, which will be pushed to users through OTA upgrade in the first half of this year.

Aouita Science and Technology Aouita 12 2023 700 Three-laser Rear Drive Luxury Edition

  In terms of power, the Aouita 12 four-wheel drive model is equipped with Huawei DriveONE dual-motor system, with a total power of 578 HP and a CLTC cruising range of 650km. The maximum power of the single motor model is 313 HP, and the CLTC cruising range is 700km. The new car is equipped with Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited ternary lithium battery pack with a capacity of 94.5kWh, which supports super fast charging. In addition, the new car is also equipped with air suspension, which can realize active damping adjustment and 45mm stroke height adaptive adjustment.

Home of the car

  Aouita also released the Rock Chassis, which is designed with batteries as the center, based on Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited’s integrated intelligent chassis (skateboard chassis) and CTC technology. It is the world’s first ultra-high safety standard pure electric chassis technical scheme, which can achieve 120km/h frontal collision without fire and explosion.

Home of the car

  In addition, Aouita 12 recently completed its first field test in the first smart parking lot with 5G-Advanced technology in China. Compared with the traditional underground parking environment, the activation rate of Aouita 12′ s parking driving function under the 5G-Advanced network is significantly improved. In the process of parking and driving, when the owner remotely monitors the vehicle status through the mobile phone, the picture is not stuck, and the fluency is greatly improved. In addition, the remote control delay of the mobile phone to the vehicle is lower, and the response speed of the command to the on-board system is faster.

● Competing models:

Krypton Krypton 001 2024 WE version 100kWh rear drive

"Krypton 001"

Weilai Weilai ET7 2023 75kWh

"Weilai ET7』"

Xiaomi Auto Xiaomi SU7 2024 800km four-wheel drive with long battery life and high-order intelligent driving Max version.

"Xiaomi SU7』"

  As a large and medium-sized pure electric car, the main competing models of Aouita 12 are Kykrypton 001, Weilai ET7 and Xiaomi SU7. Among them, Krypton 001 should be said to be the most direct competitor of Aouita 12. Both of them have an eye-catching cross-border shape, which combines the design styles of hunting cars and coupes. The body shape of Weilai ET7 belongs to the traditional sedan, and its overall style is more mature and steady, but it is also an opponent that cannot be ignored at the same price. According to the official data of Aouita, the rear space of Aouita 12 is better than that of Krypton 001 and Weilai ET7. As a popular online celebrity model in recent days, Xiaomi SU7 has a lower overall price, but the top model of 299,900 will also have a certain impact on the new Aouita 12.

● Edit Comment:

  Aouita 12 adopts a very avant-garde crossover style coupe design as a whole, and its intelligent configuration is also very rich. It has Huawei’s advanced intelligent driving system ADS 2.0, HarmonyOS, Huawei’s HarmonyOS car system and other configurations, which is a worthy choice for consumers who pay attention to science and technology. The new models listed this time have added cool Huijin car paint, and the comfort of front seats has also been improved, which will further enhance its market competitiveness. (Compile/car home Yan Huan)

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

[Truck House Draft] Nowadays, parking air conditioners are more and more recognized by card friends, but the high cost of modification and the common shortcomings of parking air conditioners make many people discouraged. This article will continue with the last article, "Air conditioning the cab, the truck driver is a professional! ",from the principle of parking air conditioning, modification methods, modification costs, optimization measures, etc.

The parallel parking air conditioner is actually a self-modified form of the original parking air conditioner of the high-equipped model, which is basically similar in form and exactly the same in principle, so card friends don’t have to worry about the problem that the service life of this form of modification is not as good as other modified forms.

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

Here, let me talk about the principle of automobile air conditioning. In fact, it means that the refrigerant circulates in the air conditioning system, and the evaporator of the refrigerant in the cab changes from liquid to gas, which reduces the temperature in the cab. In the condenser, it is cooled by high-temperature and high-pressure gas and converted into liquid state, thus taking heat out of the cab to the outside of the cab.

The core of automobile air conditioning is the compressor, which plays a role in promoting the whole refrigerant cycle. Therefore, the most important parts of the whole air conditioning system are the evaporator inside the cab, the condenser outside the cab and the compressor. In fact, the air conditioning system is a relatively independent system. As long as the refrigerant circulation is promoted, the air conditioning system can operate normally.

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

Parallel parking air conditioning is to connect an electric compressor and an air conditioning compressor in parallel to the air conditioning system, so that the refrigerant can be circulated by the air conditioning compressor when it is running, or by the electric compressor when the engine stops running.

The principle is very simple. The next step is to buy accessories and modify the air conditioning system. What is needed is a 24V electric compressor, two three-way valves, two one-way valves, and several air conditioning pipelines …

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

The first step is to find a suitable position to fix the electric compressor. It is best to be near the frame (that is, the girder) of the automobile compressor. It is suggested to burn a simple bracket with steel plate, fix the bracket on the frame with bolts, and cushion the rubber in the middle for shock absorption. It must not be directly welded to the frame, which will have an impact on the frame.

Then the electric compressor is fixed on the frame by bolts, and a little rubber is also padded in the middle, which can not only reduce vibration, but also prolong the service life of the electric compressor. Note that the installation space must be large enough, otherwise the cab may be perforated and the air conditioning system may be damaged due to vibration and friction at the bottom of the cab when the car is running.

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

Step 2, discharge the refrigerant. Clean the refrigerant with a refrigerant filling instrument, cut the high-pressure pipe near the automobile air-conditioning compressor at about 30-50 cm, and cut the low-pressure pipe near the air-conditioning compressor at 30-50 cm.

Step 3, parallel pipelines. Connect the cut low-pressure pipeline, the low-pressure pipeline of automobile compressor and the low-pressure pipeline of electric compressor with a tee, and the joint must be tied tightly, then arrange the pipeline and bind it on the frame. A one-way valve is connected to the high-pressure pipeline of the automobile air-conditioning compressor, so that the refrigerant can only flow out from the high-pressure end of the automobile air-conditioning compressor and cannot flow backwards.

Similarly, the high-pressure end of the electric compressor is also connected with a one-way valve. Similarly, only the refrigerant can flow out from the high-pressure end of the electric air-conditioning compressor, and it cannot flow backwards. Be sure to see the direction of the one-way valve clearly when installing, otherwise it will damage the air conditioning system when using it later.

Finally, a tee is used to connect the high-pressure pipe from the compressor with the high-pressure pipe from the electric compressor and the high-pressure pipe to the condenser. At this point, the connection on the refrigeration pipeline is finished. Finally, wrap the pipeline, check whether there is interference in the pipeline and so on.

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

Step 4, install the condenser fan. For most of them, the air-conditioning condenser is usually in front of the water tank, and the heat dissipation of the air-conditioning condenser depends on the fan of the engine. However, when the parking air conditioner is used, the engine is not running, so an electronic fan must be installed. Some or some models have an electronic fan integrated on the condenser, and this step can be omitted. Just find out the power cord of the electronic fan. At present, there are electronic fans supporting the condensers of various models on the Internet. Generally, the condensers can be installed at a distance of 7CM from the mask.

The fifth step is the connection of electrical wiring. At present, the electric air-conditioning compressors purchased online are generally full frequency conversion. In addition to the electric air-conditioning compressors, they are also equipped with frequency conversion modules, control modules, etc. The wiring is generally complicated, and everyone only needs to wire them according to the schematic diagram.

I won’t talk about the control and the wiring of the frequency conversion module. Every product is different. The main point here is that the power cord of the electric compressor must be thicker, because this power is relatively large, and a conductor with a larger cross-sectional area is needed.

For the motor of evaporator and condenser, we must find the power cord, which is the key to determine the normal operation of evaporator and condenser. The better the heat dissipation of condenser, the better the cooling effect of refrigerant and the cooler the cab.

As for the modification cost, I showed it to the card friends online. If I buy a package, the price is basically around 2700, including an integrated inverter compressor, tee, tee with two check valves, condenser fan, controller and some accessories.

Here, I suggest that you buy it separately. The integrated inverter compressor is about 1600-1800 yuan, the condenser fan is generally within 150 yuan, the tee joint and the tee joint with two one-way valves and other pipeline fittings are 200 yuan, and the parking intelligent air conditioner controller is about within 150 yuan, plus the modification fee of the air conditioner master 300 yuan. The total modification is about 2500 yuan.

Modification scheme of parallel parking air conditioner most suitable for card friends

After the parking air conditioner is installed, we need to calculate how long a group of batteries can support the parking air conditioner.

For example, let’s take an air conditioning system with an electric compressor with an input power of 800 watts and a refrigeration capacity of about 2,000 watts as an example. In addition, there are two condensing fans with an input power of 120 watts each and an evaporator motor of 80 watts, that is, the total power reaches 1,120 watts. We calculate it as 1,100 watts. A set of batteries in 24V220A stores 5280W*H, and deep discharge of batteries is strictly prohibited, which will accelerate the aging of batteries. Generally, we can only use 70% of the power, that is, 3696W*H at most. 3696W*H divided by 1100W is about 3 hours. Because of the frequency conversion technology adopted by electric compressor, it can be used for about 4 hours.

The biggest disadvantage of parking air conditioner is that it can’t be used for a long time. In order to solve the power problem, I have two schemes.

The first plan is to add a set of batteries. The two batteries of 220A are almost 3,000 yuan, which is a bit expensive, and most people can’t afford it. Moreover, a battery bracket should be fixed on the frame. I don’t really recommend this plan.

The second option is to buy a 24V gasoline or diesel generator, and the price is about 1200 yuan. After installing the low-voltage control circuit, the generator can automatically start when the battery is low and charge the battery. When the battery is full, the generator will automatically stop, which not only avoids the deep discharge of the battery and damages the battery, but also avoids the long-term operation of the generator and the noise disturbing the people.

The author believes that the perfect modification method of parking air conditioner at present is what the appeal said. By connecting the electric air conditioner compressor in parallel with the original air conditioning system, supplemented by the automatic start-stop generator, the dream of blowing the air conditioner as long as you want can be achieved at low cost. (Text/Truck House Contributor: Cars come and go)


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Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV in Jining area is on sale, with a minimum price of 376,000! Preferential treatment waits for no man.

[car home Jining Preferential Promotion Channel] At present, preferential activities are being carried out in Jining, with the highest preferential margin reaching 110,000 and the lowest starting price reduced to 376,000. If you want to know more about the discount, please click "Check the car price" in the quotation form to get a higher discount.

济宁地区奔驰EQE

Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV is impressive for its streamlined body design and elegant appearance. The front face design adopts the iconic Mercedes-Benz family design, and the air intake grille adopts the closed design, which shows its identity as an electric vehicle. The overall style is fashionable and atmospheric, which shows the luxury and sense of technology of Mercedes-Benz brand.

济宁地区奔驰EQE

Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV has a length, width and height of 4880*2032*1679mm and a wheelbase of 3030 mm. The body lines are smooth and elegant, showing extraordinary temperament. The front and rear wheel tracks are 1649mm and 1662mm respectively, which ensures the stability and handling of the vehicle. It is equipped with 235/55 R19 tyre size, and its rim style is both sporty and luxurious, bringing drivers a comfortable and fun driving experience.

济宁地区奔驰EQE

The interior of Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV adopts a highly technical design style. Its 12.8-inch central control screen is not only large in size, but also integrates the control functions of multimedia system, navigation, telephone, air conditioning and sunroof. The steering wheel wrapped in leather not only feels delicate, but also has the function of electric up-and-down and forward-and-backward adjustment, so that the driver can easily find the most comfortable position. The car is equipped with USB and Type-C interfaces, with three interfaces in the front row and two in the back row. At the same time, the front row is also equipped with wireless charging function of mobile phone, which greatly facilitates the use of passengers. The seat is made of high-quality imitation leather, and the main and auxiliary seats can be adjusted in front and back, backrest, height and leg rest. It also has a 4-way lumbar support function to support heating and ventilation, further improving the comfort of riding. In addition, the car also has the memory function of the electric seat in the driver’s seat and the co-pilot seat, and the proportional reclining function of the rear seat, which makes the space utilization more flexible.

济宁地区奔驰EQE

Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV is equipped with an efficient and powerful motor with a maximum power of 300kW and a maximum torque of 858N·m, which provides the driver with surging power output and brings a smooth and rapid acceleration experience.

The owner of car home said that the power performance of Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV was acceptable, but the low-profile model lacked the rear wheel steering function, which made the vehicle inflexible. Compared with the BMW 3 Series he used to drive, the control experience is slightly inferior. In addition, the body will shake more when passing through the pit, and the overall feeling is soft.