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Announcer: Shi Yibo

The imperial examination system is an important system for selecting talents in China feudal society. It was founded in the seventh year of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty (AD 587) and abolished in the thirty-first year of Guangxu of Qing Dynasty (AD 1905), which lasted for more than 1,300 years. The last two examinations of China’s imperial examination system were held on our campus (at that time, our campus was the seat of Henan Gongyuan). Once in the 29th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (AD 1903) and once in the 30th year of Guangxu (AD 1904). After that, the imperial examination system was abolished. Therefore, our campus has become the end of China’s imperial examination system.

The main examinations in the imperial examination system are the provincial examination and the general examination (of course, palace examination is also very important). And these exams are regular (except for Enke). In the first year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1644), it was stipulated that: "Take the rural examination in the year of meridian and Mao Younian, and the examination will be held in the year of Chen Xuchou." After having obtained the provincial examination, we will try in August, February and palace examination in March. However, in the tenth year of Qianlong (AD 1745), it was changed to March and April in palace examination, so it was permanent. After having obtained the provincial examination, it will be held in the capital, and palace examination will be held in the palace.

What is the "Meridian Year"? What does it mean to be "ugly and ugly"? There may be many people who are still unclear, so I need to make a brief explanation here.

Today, we use the Gregorian calendar, while in ancient China, we used the trunk and branch calendars. "Gan" means "Tiangan", that is, A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Ren and Gui, also called "Ten Gan". "Zhi" is the floorboard of "earthly branches", that is, Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai, also called "Twelve Branches". With the circulation of ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches, sixty groups can be formed, such as Jiazi, Yechou, Bingyin, Dingmao, Wuchen, Jisi, Gengwu, Xinwei, Renshen, Guiyou and Jiaxu, which are called "Sixty Flowers Jiazi" to indicate the order of year, month, day and time, and so on. The lunar calendar we use today is still based on the years of the cadres and branches.

Take the "Ziwu Maoyou Year after having obtained the provincial examination", that is, in the year when the words Zi, Wu, Mao and You appear, the provincial examination will be held. Take "Chen Xu ugly will be tested before the year", that is, in the year of the dry branch, whenever the words Chen Xu, Ugly and Not appear, the test will be held. Below, I will take the year related to our topic as an example to illustrate it. According to the chronology of cadres and branches, the 25th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (AD 1899) was the year of Ji Hai, the 26th year (AD 1900) was the year of Geng Zi, the 27th year was the year of Xin Chou, the 28th year was the year of Ren Yin, the 29th year (AD 1903) was the year of Gui Mao, the 30th year (AD 1904) was the year of Jia Chen, the 31st year was the year of Yi Si, and the 32nd year was the year. From this, we can know that the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu is the year of Gengzi and the twenty-ninth year is the year of Guimao, both of which are in the year of holding the township examination. Twenty-seven years of Guangxu is the year of sorrow and ugliness, and thirty years is the year of Jia Chen, both of which should be held. From this, we can see that the provincial examination and the general examination are held every three years.

Having said that, some people may ask the following questions:

1. As mentioned earlier, there were two examinations held in Kaifeng, one in the 29th year of Guangxu (Guimao year) and the other in the 30th year of Guangxu (Jiachen year), but the 29th year of Guangxu (Guimao year) was not the year of the examination. Why did you hold the examination in this year?

Second, the examination is held every three years. Why is it held continuously in the twenty-ninth and thirty years of Guangxu?

Third, the location of the test is in the capital, and Kaifeng was not the capital during the Qing Dynasty. Why were the last two tests held in Kaifeng?

To answer these three questions, we need to start with the domestic situation at that time.

Originally, the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (AD 1901) was an ugly year, and an examination should be held. But a major incident happened in China, that is, Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the United States, Japan, Italy and Austria "Eight-Nation Alliance" launched a war of aggression against China. On July 20th, the 26th year of Guangxu (AD 1900), "Eight-Nation Alliance" invaded Beijing. At dawn on the 21st, Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled from Deshengmen in a panic amid the rumble of guns. At that time, Empress Dowager Cixi wore a blue summer dress and dressed as a country woman, and Emperor Guangxu also changed her clothes. Because the incident happened in a hurry, it was too late to prepare transportation and daily necessities. "The two palaces all took mule carts by the roadside, and the princes all stayed on foot." "The bedding was not enough, and the water was not imported." The situation was very embarrassing. Empress Dowager Cixi fled all the way through Huailai, Xuanhua, Datong, Taiyuan and other places, and finally settled down when she arrived in Xi ‘an on the fourth day of September. Empress Dowager Cixi and others lived in Xi ‘an for nearly a year. On July 25th, the 27th year of Guangxu (September 7th, 1901), foreign invaders forced the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" which humiliated the country. After that, Empress Dowager Cixi and others set off triumphantly to return to Beijing.

On August 24th, the 27th year of Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi waited for the bus to drive to Xi ‘an and arrived in Kaifeng on October 2nd. Lived in Kaifeng for more than a month. On November 5th, I left Biandu River and went north, and returned to Beijing on the 28th.

From the above, it can be seen that when the examination should be held in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (the year of Xin Chou), Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu were fleeing, and of course there was no time to take care of the examination in that year, and there was no condition at all. In order to make up for the failure to hold the examination of Xin Chou, the Qing government ordered the exhibition to be held in Guimao year on October 24, Guangxu 27, that is, the examination of Xin Chou was postponed to Guimao year (Guangxu 29). This is the reason why the year of Guimao is not the year of the examination, but the examination is held. At the same time, because Beijing Hiram’s Hospital was destroyed by the war at that time, the Qing government decided to "take the test in Guimao and transfer the right to Henan Hiram’s Hospital". The second year, that is, the 30th year of Guangxu (Jiachen, AD 1904), was a year of routine examination. In this way, the years of Guimao family and Jiachen family are linked together.

At this point, I think the three questions mentioned above should be answered.

Apart from the special situation that both the Guimao and Jiachen examinations were held in Henan Gongyuan, the appointment time of examiners was also very different from the previous ones. Traditionally, examiners are appointed three days before the start of the exam. And once appointed, immediately quarantined, even family members are not allowed to meet to prevent fraud. Specifically, there are three exams: the first one is from March 9 to 11, the second one is from December 12 to 14, and the third one is from 15th to 17th. This is customized. Therefore, examiners are generally appointed on March 6th. The appointment of examiners in Guimao and Jiachen departments is much earlier in time.

Let’s talk about the family Guimao first. In the 29th year of Guangxu (AD 1903), on the first day of February, that is, a month before the examination began, the Qing government appointed Sun Jianai, a university student, as the examiner, Xu Huifeng, the secretary of the Ministry of War, Rong Qing, the minister of punishments, and Zhang Yinglin, the right assistant minister of the official department, as the deputy examiner. At first glance, this seems incomprehensible. Is it necessary to appoint him so early, contrary to convention? Aren’t you afraid of fraud? But on second thought, it is completely reasonable to do so. Because the location of the exam is not in Beijing, but in Kaifeng, Henan, thousands of miles away. Due to the limitation of traffic conditions at that time, it took many days to travel from Beijing to Kaifeng. For example, Empress Dowager Cixi returned to Beijing from Kaifeng at that time and walked for 24 days on the road. Coupled with the preparation before the trip, in fact, more than a month is not too plentiful. The examiner in the last exam (the Reform Movement of 1898) was Sun Jianai, who did a good job, so this time he was entrusted with an important task. But this time, Sun Jianai screwed up: the writing of the policy question was wrong. As a result, after the examination, Sun Jianai and others were "handed over to the Ministry for discussion as usual."

The examiners for the Jiachen examination were also appointed in advance, but this time, Sun Jianai and others were not appointed, but a new team was replaced. On the sixth day of February in the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), the Qing government took Yu De, the minister of the Ministry of War and the co-organizer of the university, as the examiner, and Zhang Baixi, the minister of the official department, Lu Runxiang, the left imperial adviser of Duchayuan, and Dai Hongci, the right assistant minister of the household department, as the deputy examiner. The appointment time is only five days later than the above-mentioned family.

Here I would like to further explain that not only the last two examinations in the history of Chinese imperial examination system were held in Kaifeng, but also the last two rural examinations in Shuntianfu, where the Qing court was located. Once in the 28th year of Guangxu and once in the 29th year of Guangxu.

As mentioned earlier, according to the regulations of the Qing government, "taking the meridian as the base for having obtained the provincial examination". That is to say, in the year before each subject will be tested, all provinces will hold township examinations to select talents who will take part in the examination. Specifically, in the last years of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, the 26th year of Guangxu (AD 1900) was the year of Gengzi, and we should have held the township examination. However, as mentioned above, in July of this year, Eight-Nation Alliance, the invader of China, had already invaded Beijing, and the provincial examination failed to be held. Therefore, the Qing government decided to make up the rural examination of Gengzi in the 28th year of Guangxu (AD 1902). However, Beijing Hiram’s Hospital was destroyed by the war, so the Qing government decided to move Shuntian Township Examination to Henan Hiram’s Hospital. According to the regulations, the date of having obtained the provincial examination is in August. However, when the time comes, Shuntian will hold the township examination, and Henan will also hold the township examination, and the number of rooms in Henan Hiram’s Hospital is limited, so it is difficult to do it at the same time. So the Qing court decided to give way to Shuntian after Henan Provincial Examination, that is, Shuntian Provincial Examination was held in August, while Henan Provincial Examination was extended to October.

In the 29th year of Guangxu (AD 1903), it was the year of Guimao, and it was also the year of having obtained the provincial examination. In this year, Henan Gongyuan was the busiest. As mentioned earlier, Xin Chou Branch will try to make up for it in Henan Hiram’s Hospital in March this year. In August and October, it is necessary to welcome the provincial examinations in Shuntian and Henan. It is probably unique in the history of China’s imperial examination system that one Hiram’s Hospital has three examinations a year.

Because of the need to promote school education, the Qing government announced in the 31st year of Guangxu (AD 1905) that it would stop the provincial examination and the general examination from the 3rd year of Bingwu (32nd year of Guangxu, AD 1906). In this way, in the feudal society of China, the imperial examination system was implemented for more than 1,300 years, and it died.

To sum up, we can see what an important role Henan Gongyuan played when the feudal imperial examination system in China was coming to an end. During the twenty-eight to thirty years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (AD 1902-1904), in just three years, four provincial examinations and two examinations were staged in Henan Gongyuan. For a time, Henan Gongyuan became a wonderful stage for the performance of China’s imperial examination system, and at the same time, this land on our campus became the end of China’s imperial examination system.

Beijing, March 1 (Reporter Wang Ning) Five months ago, Mr. Lu’s wife, Chen Mou, bought four boxes of "self-hi-pot garlic-scented clam powder" online. After eating three boxes with her daughter and mother, they all developed symptoms such as vomiting, fever and diarrhea. Among them, Chen Mou died after being rescued. The appraisal books made by the Judicial Appraisal Center and the Public Security Bureau all said that the possibility of acute poisoning death due to eating "self-cooked garlic fragrant clam powder" could not be ruled out. After the negotiation failed, Mr. Lu proposed to the merchants to compensate the deceased and the injured for various losses of more than 1.76 million yuan.

However, on an e-commerce platform, a flagship store selling "Clam Powder with Garlic Fragrant Flower" marked the promotional picture of the same product in the store as "Clam Powder with a price of 1.76 million yuan", and the picture of "Description of Clam Powder with Garlic Fragrant Flower" was also displayed at the bottom of the page, with the content of "The woman died after eating hot pot". In this regard, the customer service staff of the self-proclaimed pot responded that "this is not a propaganda map" and said that the description and pictures are "teasing" about related events, in order to let customers know the real situation of the event more intuitively.

Experts said that enterprises launched such pictures in the flagship store of e-commerce platform, insinuating consumers’ claims with ridicule and innuendo, or expressing dissatisfaction with consumers’ claims, lacking sympathy and empathy, which seriously hurt the feelings of consumers and violated public order and good customs.

The price of clam powder is 1.76 million? Merchant response: it is ridiculous.

An e-commerce platform from the flagship store of the pot "the price is 1.76 million rich clam powder" (the picture sent by Yangguang. com comes from the screenshot of the flagship store of the pot).

On February 27th, the reporter saw in this flagship store that the product drawing on the product details page was marked with "rich clam powder with a price of 1.76 million yuan". The product is described as "self-cooking pot for getting rich" and self-heating pot for supper is convenient for lazy people in online celebrity to eat fast food ",and the origin is shown as" Henan ",with two flavors. In addition to the product introduction diagram, the picture of "Description of Garlic-scented Clam Powder Incident" is also displayed at the bottom of the page, including the related report picture of "Woman died after eating hot pot", and the inspection report (No.1638, WS Class 2022 SP) and other pictures.

Among them, the "Description of Garlic-scented Clam Powder Incident" mentioned that "20 batches of garlic-scented Clam Powder products commissioned by our company (Chongqing Golden Antelope E-Commerce Co., Ltd.) have recently experienced online public opinion incidents, and in view of this situation, our company hereby makes the following explanation to your platform" and other contents.

In addition, the reporter also saw related pages and pictures in the flagship store of another e-commerce platform. On the 27th, when the reporter consulted the customer service as a consumer, the customer service staff said, "This is the product name, and the page has a detailed explanation."

The store customer service responded that "the price of 1.76 million rich clam powder" was ridiculous.

"This is not a propaganda map. The product is not priced at 176W, which is not the normal product price. The picture is to answer the incident." At the same time, the customer service also sent a test report, saying that this is a "teasing". "After all, this matter has a great impact on us, just to let customers intuitively understand the real situation of this matter."

For the above situation, on March 1, the reporter called Lei Yingjun, the person in charge of food safety related to the self-pot brand, to find out. The person in charge said, "I don’t know, I don’t understand, please ask someone else." Then hung up the phone.

Fu Jian, director of Henan Zejin Law Firm, believes that according to the relevant provisions of the advertising law, the product details page directly or indirectly promotes goods and services through words, pictures and other forms, which belongs to the advertising category and is regulated by the advertising law. No matter what the final result of this rights protection event is, a product of Zihiguo takes the picture marked "Get Rich Clam Powder, with a price of 1.76 million" as the main picture of the product promotion, and shows the picture of the news related to the victim’s rights protection event on the product details page, which obviously means ridicule and insult, seriously hurts public feelings, violates public order and good customs, and violates the situation that advertisements stipulated in Article 9, paragraph 6, of the Advertising Law cannot have, and should be punished accordingly. As a platform for advertising, e-commerce platform has the responsibility of audit and supervision.

The woman died after eating hot pot? Family response: still defending rights

It is understood that "self-cooking garlic fragrant flower clam powder" is not a new product, and it is suspected to be related to an incident reported by the media before.

On August 30th, 2022, Mr. Lu’s wife, Chen Mou, bought four boxes of "self-hi pot garlic fragrant clam powder" on the online shopping platform. On the evening of September 7th, 2022, his wife, Chen Mou, his daughter and mother-in-law ate three boxes of self-help pots together. After that, symptoms such as vomiting, fever and diarrhea appeared, and the hospital initially diagnosed food poisoning. At 1 o’clock in the morning on September 14th, Chen Mou’s condition continued to deteriorate, and he died after being rescued. The other two people gradually recovered. The appraisal books made by the judicial appraisal center and the public security department all state that the possibility of acute poisoning death caused by eating "self-cooking garlic fragrant clam powder" is not ruled out. After the negotiation failed, Mr. Lu proposed to the merchants to compensate the deceased and the injured for various losses of more than 1.76 million yuan.

According to the report released by Red Star News on February 10th, "The woman died after eating hot pot? Police identification: it is not excluded that the family members may claim 1.76 million yuan for the death caused by acute poisoning due to eating. It is said that the person in charge of food safety of the self-pot brand has responded to the media and said that an investigation has been launched. "The whole production process, including the transportation process and the results of the sample inspection, all point to the food safety problems in this batch."

Appraisal opinion issued by Kunming Medical University (photo courtesy of interviewee issued by Yangguang. com)

On February 27th, the reporter asked again about the pot, and the customer service staff of the brand responded that its product testing met the requirements of market management and had qualified test reports. "If this incident is indeed our problem, it has long been seized, and the relevant departments can’t be qualitative."

Products eaten by Mr. Lu’s wife before her death (Photo courtesy of the interviewee sent by Yangguang. com)

"I feel very chilling." Regarding the picture of "Clam powder with a price of 1.76 million yuan for getting rich" posted on the flagship store of the e-commerce platform and the setting of such a page, Mr. Lu said that since the pot claimed that its products were no problem, his claim plan was not recognized. At present, his wife’s body and samples are still sealed, and he is taking judicial channels and waiting for the court’s decision. For the behavior of publishing the above pictures from the flagship store of Higuo, he may advocate mental compensation for losses.

Expert: Family members with certain provocative and aggressive behaviors can make corresponding mental compensation according to law.

Many consumers think that it is very inappropriate to publish such pictures in the official flagship store. The behavior of the company has the meaning of insulting the deceased, which makes people feel very uncomfortable. Even if the product quality is no problem, they are unwilling to buy its products again.

Chen Yinjiang, Deputy Secretary-General of china law society Consumer Rights Protection Law Research Association, said that enterprises posted such pictures in the flagship store of e-commerce platform to insinuate consumer claims, or implied dissatisfaction with consumer claims, lacking empathy and sympathy, which not only insulted the deceased, but also seriously hurt the feelings of consumers, and should be strongly condemned, and at the same time called on the platform to remove them.

He also said that this kind of behavior is provocative and aggressive, which may cause mental harm to family members, and corresponding mental compensation can be proposed according to law.

Fu Jian said that according to Article 3 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning Determining the Liability for Compensation for Spiritual Damage in Civil Torts, after the death of a natural person, others infringe on the reputation of the deceased by insulting, slandering, derogating, vilifying or violating social public interests and social morality, and their close relatives suffer mental pain due to the infringement, they can sue in the people’s court for compensation for mental damage. In addition, publicly insulting others is also suspected of violating the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Public Security Administration Punishment Law, and serious cases may be suspected of committing crimes.

Liu Junhai, a professor at the Law School of Renmin University of China and vice president of China Consumers Association, said that the relatives of the deceased claimed 1.76 million yuan in civil damages. No matter whether the 1.76 million yuan can be supported by the people’s court after filing a lawsuit, the merchants can’t speculate with 1.76 million yuan, let alone use it as a gimmick to humiliate the families of the deceased.

Liu Junhai said that businesses have the obligation to ensure the safety of their products, and consumers have the right to personal safety according to law after purchasing goods. As far as this case is concerned, since there is a dispute between consumers and businesses, and both sides hold their own words, in addition to the intervention of public security organs, civil proceedings can also be initiated. If the merchants prove that their products are really fine, but consumers are still dissatisfied, the people’s court may also entrust a neutral third-party institution to make a fair appraisal to help the court find out the facts as soon as possible and properly resolve the dispute in this case.

　　one

　　Gap of equipment

　　"Shenzhen and Shanghai are the cities with the best configuration of AED in China, especially Shenzhen, which still has a lot of AED equipment, but when we calculated last year, its level was one within an average of 1.5 kilometers, which could not reach ‘ 4 minutes ’ This requirement. "

　　2

　　Cost gap

　　"At present, there is no unified management organization for AED equipment, and buyers or donors are also different." "A machine of around 30,000 will cost a lot if you want to popularize it. Where does this fee come from? Which institution can pay the bill? "

　　three

　　A gap in consciousness

　　"We not only lack first-aid knowledge and skills, but also first-aid equipment, such as first-aid kits and AEDs, and what we lack is first-aid awareness." "In the past, everyone thought that pre-hospital first aid had to wait for 120. I was unprofessional and I could do nothing."

　　From Xu Yong, editor of Xinhua News Agency, to Godfrey Tsao, an artist, their sudden death is regrettable, and the "life-saving artifact" AED (automated external defibrillator) is once again hotly debated. AED, known as the "life-saving artifact" in the front line of life and death, is it configured in real life, is it used correctly, and does it really enter the lives of ordinary citizens?

　　Recently, Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star journalists conducted many investigations and found that although the first-aid knowledge such as pre-hospital first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has entered the public’s field of vision in recent years, the popularization of AED in China is still unsatisfactory. The popularity of AED in public places is far from the requirement of "golden four minutes" treatment.

　　Relevant personnel of the Relief and Rescue Department of the Red Cross Society of China said in an interview with Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star News reporter that AED equipment can really improve the success rate of treatment, but it is more important to popularize first aid knowledge. Many people in the industry have revealed that the lack of AED is only a "microcosm", reflecting the lack of public awareness of first aid.

　　If you want to find out where the nearest AED is, the WeChat applet "Help Map" can do it. First Response, an emergency training institution, is the developer of the program. Lisa, its co-founder, told Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star journalist that the "life-saving map" can provide the location of the nearest AED equipment according to the user’s location, and jump to an external map program for navigation.

　　By looking at the "life-saving map", the reporter noticed that the distribution of AED equipment in Beijing included in the map was uneven: in Chaoyang District, for example, in the core areas of Sanlitun and Guomao, the layout of AED equipment was relatively dense, but in the areas near Jiulong Mountain and Baiziwan in the southeast, the number of AED equipment was very small. The reporter searched for a nearby AED device in Heshenghui Shopping Mall through the "life-saving map", which is located on the fifth floor of the office building across the street. The equipment attribute is donated by the enterprise. The reporter found that the company could not take out the equipment for use after work. The contact person of the AED equipment told the reporter that the equipment is managed by his own company and can also be lent to the public for use, but it is almost never lent. The contact explained that, considering the risk of loss and other reasons, the equipment has always been stored in the store, so employees can’t be taken out after work.

　　Where have all the AEDs in Beijing gone? It is understood that at present, AEDs in Beijing are mostly located in airports. According to the Beijing Daily, up to now, there are 69 AED devices and 8 spare devices in the three terminals of the Capital Airport, which are distributed in crowded areas such as check-in area, waiting area, entrance passage and baggage hall. In Beijing Daxing International Airport, 40 AED devices have been installed.

　　AED faces three dilemmas.

　　"Every time a student asks me where I can see AED besides the airport, I feel very embarrassed. Indeed, we have not popularized it." Shi Hong, the captain of the first-aid team of Beijing Emergency Volunteers Corps and the director of the American Heart Association (AHA), has been doing public promotion teaching of AED for 10 years, but he found that every hot search on AED is still based on the occurrence of sudden death. As soon as the heat of the incident passed, everyone put the matter aside.

　　Shenzhen with the best configuration

　　Also can not meet the "4 minutes" requirement.

　　Shi Hong traveled all the year round for emergency rescue training. He found that the popularity of rescue culture in Beijing was higher than that in other cities, but the AED setting was far from enough. He was deeply impressed by Shanghai and Shenzhen, where the number of AEDs was relatively large, but only for the national average, it could not meet the four-minute rescue demand of gold.

　　Lisa is deeply touched. She said that under ideal circumstances, shopping malls, subway stations, airports, high-speed railway station and other public places should be equipped with AED equipment, but at present, the actual configuration of AED equipment in China is far from the requirements. "At present, Shenzhen and Shanghai are the cities with the best AED configuration in China, especially Shenzhen, and its number of AED equipment is still large, but when we calculated last year, its level was one within an average of 1.5 kilometers, which is not up to ‘ 4 minutes ’ This requirement. "

　　"Golden 4 minutes" is the best rescue time recognized by the industry. "Ideally, an AED device should be deployed within 4 minutes’ walk from the accident site." Lisa said that the sooner the patient performs cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and cooperates with AED equipment in the "golden 4 minutes" after falling to the ground, the better the survival rate of sudden death.

　　30 thousand yuan a set

　　Who will pay the bill is a question.

　　But the present situation is not satisfactory. Why are AEDs so "scarce"? Who will pay the bill is also a problem. "At present, there is no unified management organization for AED equipment, and buyers or donors are also different." Lisa said that the AED equipment currently included in the "life-saving map" and seen in public places may come from the unified procurement of the local health and health commission, the civil affairs bureau, the emergency management bureau or the Red Cross, and may also come from donations from charitable organizations or enterprises.

　　"There is no unified wind direction, and it is all based on their own push." This is Shi Hong’s feeling. Despite everyone’s efforts, the strength is still "very loose". This also leads to a real problem, "a machine of about 30 thousand will cost a lot if it wants to be popularized." Where does this fee come from? Which institution can pay the bill? " Shi Hong feels that there is demand in society now, but there are too few equipments.

　　With the equipment

　　Dare to use it, will it be used?

　　Jia Dacheng, a retired doctor from Beijing Emergency Center, who is known as "the first person in China’s first aid education", told Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star News reporter that nine times out of ten emergency cases he experienced were rescued by AED, and only one or two were saved by hand-held cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Another data shows that the success rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with AED is 60%~70% higher than that without AED.

　　Even with the equipment, where it is, will the public dare to use it or not?

　　Although many experts told Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star News reporter that AED is simple to operate, just turn it on and follow the voice prompts. But at the same time, they also told reporters that people who have not received training often dare not use it and are afraid of taking responsibility; Those who master the relevant first aid knowledge are still considered as "minorities" in China.

　　Lisa told reporters that they had done relevant investigations. At present, people’s understanding and understanding of CPR skills in China is only at the level of "barely passing". "Although everyone has learned about CPR through various channels, there should not be many people who can do it right in case of unexpected events without practical operation."

　　Lisa stressed that compared with the United States and Japan, our mastery rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills is only one thousandth of theirs, including the use of AED equipment.

　　Zhang Li of the Relief and Rescue Department of the Red Cross Society of China believes that the public’s awareness of first aid needs to be improved urgently. "In the past, everyone thought that pre-hospital first aid had to wait for 120. I was unprofessional and I could do nothing." Zhang Li pointed out that at the scene of an emergency, the scientific rescue of the first witness at the first time and the first scene is a very important part of pre-hospital first aid. Zhang Li revealed that this year, the Shanghai Red Cross made a questionnaire survey on AEDs to 10,000 college students in local universities. The result showed that about 60% knew about AEDs, only 38% knew about the configuration of AEDs in our school, and only 22% knew how to use them.

　　Shi Hong believes that different rescuers’ differences in operation timing control and operation details will bring controversy, and moral and legal issues cannot be avoided. Even the certification of operator qualification is controversial. At the same time, AED belongs to non-medical operation, but it plays a medical role and allows all people to operate. How to establish the identification system for medical and non-medical treatment is also a practical problem. Shi Hong said that excessive disputes over operational details will affect the work efficiency of the promotion.

　　"We not only lack first-aid knowledge and skills, but also first-aid equipment, such as first-aid kits and AEDs, and what we lack is first-aid awareness." Jia Dacheng, who has been engaged in medical emergency work for more than 30 years, said.

　　■ Standards are coming.

　　Public awareness of first aid has improved significantly.

　　Healthy China Action Promotes AED Popularization

　　Jia Dacheng has given lectures and training on first aid knowledge for thousands of institutions in various industries in China for many years. He is a senior expert in first aid popularization education in China. In the 1990s, after he first came into contact with the AED given by the US to Beijing Emergency Center, Jia Dacheng’s career was permeated with the popularization of AED to the public. Up to now, 70-year-old Jia Dacheng still carries AED with him when he goes out, one for emergency at any time, and the other for spreading first aid knowledge and concepts.

　　Compared with the 1990 s, he believes that the public’s awareness of first aid has improved significantly. "No one paid attention to it in the 1990 s, and no one came to the on-site training; Now I am actively looking for me to train. "

　　At present, the deployment of AEDs in public places has not been clearly defined. However, the good news is that relevant documents have been issued at the national level to promote the popularization of AEDs. The Healthy China Action (2019-2030) issued by the State Council this year mentioned that residents should be guided to learn and master the knowledge and skills of self-help and mutual rescue such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation. By 2022 and 2030, the number of people who have obtained the first aid training certificate will reach 1% and 3% respectively, and the primary and secondary school teaching staff will be trained as first aiders according to the ratio of teachers and students of 1:50. Improve the equipment standard of AED in public places, and configure an ambulance for every 50,000 people to shorten the first aid response time.

　　In October this year, when faced with a message from netizens about "accelerating the deployment of AEDs in public places", National Health Commission also responded — — "China has made some progress in promoting the public to use AEDs, but there is still a big gap compared with advanced countries. In the next step, the National Health and Wellness Commission will actively promote the implementation of the Healthy China Action, further strengthen cooperation with the Chinese Red Cross Society and other departments, coordinate relevant departments, jointly increase the investment in AED configuration, carry out universal training on AED and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and scientifically guide the deployment and use of AED, actively promote the popularization of AED, and create a social atmosphere in which the public participates in first aid. "

　　"It’s much better than in previous years." Jia Dacheng said. "Everyone learns first aid, and first aid is for everyone." Encourage everyone to learn first aid knowledge and skills, which is also the concept that Zhang Li and others have always advocated.

　　Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star Journalist Wang Tian Yan Yu Cheng Zhao Qian

　　■ Visiting Chengdu

　　Some aeds cannot be turned on.

　　Official: It will be repaired and replaced in the near future

　　A few days ago, Chengdu Health and Health Commission announced the configuration point of AED in Chengdu. Some citizens found in Kuanzhai Lane that the unlocking place of AED equipment next to the Taitai specialty in Kuanxiang Ring was damaged and could not be opened normally. According to the description of the citizens, on December 3rd, a reporter from Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star came to Kuanzhai Lane, People’s Park and Mengzhuiwan Swimming Pool to learn about the management of local AED equipment.

　　On the afternoon of the 3rd, according to the AED configuration points announced by Chengdu Health and Health Commission, the reporter found the configured AED equipment at the entrance of No.27, Narrow Alley, next to the Huantai specialty in Kuanxiang, Kuanzhai Lane Scenic Area, but no equipment was found next to the old summer hot pot in Narrow Alley.

　　The unlocking place of the AED equipment configured next to the Taite in the wide alley ring has been damaged and cannot be opened. The reporter asked the surrounding businesses to understand that the equipment was not managed by the staff of the surrounding stores, and no staff was found around the equipment for management.

　　Equipment was found in the AED configuration points of People’s Park announced by Chengdu Health and Health Commission. However, when the reporter scanned the QR code according to the operation process on the device, he directly jumped to the WeChat WeChat official account of the device through WeChat. According to the prompt, the reporter scanned the code again. Although the prompt was successful in opening the device, it was not actually opened, and the prompt "Please use a safety hammer when the QR code cannot open the door" was printed on one side of the device.

　　At the Mengzhuwan Swimming Pool, the reporter found that all the equipment configured on the spot can be turned on. On each AED device, the prompt "Please contact the nearby staff to take the AED, and if the situation is urgent, you can break the glass to take it" was written, and the operating instructions of the AED automatic external defibrillator were placed under the equipment.

　　In response to the above situation, the reporter contacted the Chengdu Emergency Command Center. Chen Jing, deputy director of the Chengdu Emergency Command Center Office, said that according to the feedback from the public, he immediately contacted the management of Kuanzhai Lane to inspect the equipment, and found that the AED equipment next to the Kuanxiangzi Huantai specialty was indeed damaged and could not be opened normally. "In the near future, we will replace the AED equipment lock box in Kuanzhai Lane." Chen Jing told reporters that since the AED equipment deployed in Kuanzhai Lane is the first batch of equipment, it has been nearly three years since it was deployed, and it will be repaired and replaced in the near future.

　　Chen Jing also told reporters that "there are no relevant laws and regulations to guide the development of this work." Because Chengdu Emergency Command Center has no administrative power over public area managers, some public area managers do not cooperate with AED equipment management. "There may be some public areas that are not active in equipment management, but we will continue to strengthen communication with public area managers in the future to ensure that managers can better participate in equipment management. At the same time, increase training efforts, so that more professionals can assist the public to use AED equipment. "