标签： 苏州哪里有便宜的快餐

Chairman, Vice-Chairmen, Secretary-General and members:

????Soil is one of the basic elements of an ecosystem, the material basis for human survival, and an indispensable and precious resource for human society. Prevention and control of soil pollution is directly related to the quality and safety of agricultural products, people’s health and sustainable economic and social development. The problem of soil pollution is equally concerned by the whole society as the air and water pollution. As a major environmental protection and livelihood project, the prevention and control of soil pollution has been incorporated into the national environmental governance system. However, for a long time, China’s economic development mode is relatively extensive, and the total amount of pollutants discharged remains high. As the ultimate receiver of pollutants, soil has been obviously affected. The results of the first survey on soil pollution in China from 2005 to 2013 show that the overall situation of soil environment in China is not optimistic, and soil pollution is serious in some areas. The total over-standard rate of soil points in China is 16.1%, of which the proportions of slightly, slightly, moderately and severely polluted points are 11.2%, 2.3%, 1.5% and 1.1% respectively. Soil pollution has become a major environmental problem that needs to be solved urgently and a prominent problem in building a well-off society in an all-round way.

????The CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to the prevention and control of soil pollution. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed the need to strengthen the prevention and control of water, air and soil pollution, and strive to promote the comprehensive management of heavy metal pollution and soil pollution. The "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" adopted at the Fourth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress clearly stipulates: "Implement classified prevention and control of soil pollution, give priority to the protection of soil quality and safety of agricultural land, and earnestly strengthen soil environmental supervision of construction land." The National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) will formulate a law on the prevention and control of soil pollution into the legislative plan of the 12th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), and the National People’s Congress Environment and Resources Protection Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "Environmental Protection Committee") will take the lead in drafting and submitting it for deliberation. In accordance with the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)’s requirements for the implementation of tasks, time, organization and responsibilities, the Environmental Protection Committee set up a drafting leading group and worked out a work plan and plan. Under the care and guidance of Chen Changzhi and Vice Chairman Shen Yueyue, according to the requirements of scientific legislation and democratic legislation, we have carefully studied the relevant domestic legislation and international legislative experience on soil pollution prevention and control. He went to Shandong, Liaoning, Hunan, Henan, Fujian and other 12 provinces and cities to investigate the situation and listen to the opinions and suggestions of local people’s congresses, governments and their relevant departments, enterprises, experts and scholars on soil pollution prevention and control legislation. Several symposiums, special demonstration meetings and joint departmental meetings were held to study the draft law. The draft was consulted in writing by the relevant departments of 70 central authorities and the State Council, the standing committees of people’s congresses of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and relevant units, and the Law on the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution in People’s Republic of China (PRC) was formed.(Draft) (hereinafter referred to as the "Draft"), which was deliberated and adopted by the 28th National Committee of the Environmental Protection Committee, is now explained as follows:

????I. Necessity and feasibility of legislation

????(A) the lack of legal system for the prevention and control of soil pollution, there is an urgent need to formulate special laws.

????At present, there is still a lack of special laws for the prevention and control of soil pollution in China, and some measures are scattered in laws related to environmental protection, solid waste, land management, quality and safety of agricultural products. The standard system of soil pollution prevention and control is not perfect, the requirements are not clear, the responsibilities are not clear, and the regulatory authorities lack effective legal basis. Formulating the law on prevention and control of soil pollution and establishing an effective legal system and supporting standards and norms are of great significance for standardizing the prevention and control of soil pollution according to law, minimizing soil pollution, and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products and public health.

????(B) The legal responsibility for the prevention and control of soil pollution is still unclear, and it is urgent to establish a responsibility system.

????Because soil pollution has the characteristics of concealment, lag, accumulation and regionality, and it is difficult to control, and there are many problems left over from history, the legal responsibility for soil pollution prevention and control is not clear, and the system of responsibility investigation and cost recovery has not yet been formed. Formulating the law on the prevention and control of soil pollution can not only clarify the responsibilities of all parties, solve and allocate the prevention and control expenses reasonably and effectively, but also enhance the people’s awareness of preventing and controlling soil pollution, mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, and form a good situation in which the whole society cares, supports and participates in the prevention and control of soil pollution.

????(3) The prevention and control of soil pollution is weak, and special legislation is needed to systematically regulate it.

????The foundation of soil pollution prevention and control work in China is very weak, and a complete system and management system have not been established, which leads to the failure to carry out soil pollution prevention and control work scientifically and systematically in most areas. The situation of soil pollution is very complicated, which requires a scientific and systematic workflow. On the basis of scientific investigation, we should strictly follow the complete workflow from soil pollution investigation, risk assessment, risk control and remediation to remediation effect evaluation. Therefore, it is urgent to formulate a special law to scientifically and systematically regulate the above processes.

????At present, the prevention and control of soil pollution is being further strengthened. The State Council has issued the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution, the construction of detailed investigation and monitoring network of soil pollution is progressing according to the plan, and the standard system for prevention and control of soil pollution is gradually being established, which has effectively promoted the in-depth development of prevention and control of soil pollution throughout the country and promoted the formulation of this law. In a word, it is not only necessary but also feasible to formulate the law on the prevention and control of soil pollution and further standardize the prevention and control of soil pollution in China.

????Second, the main content of the "draft"

????According to the overall requirements of China’s ecological civilization construction and environmental protection, the "Draft" emphasizes "improving environmental quality as the core and implementing the strictest environmental protection system", takes legislation as the fundamental measure to solve the problem of soil pollution, bases itself on the reality of China’s development stage and focuses on the long-term interests of the country, so that the prevention and control of soil pollution can be carried out in an orderly manner.

????In the process of drafting the "Draft", the following working principles were mainly followed: first, taking the problem as the guide, summarizing the main problems existing in the prevention and control of soil pollution and the effective experience in practice, and formulating measures to solve outstanding problems; Second, under the general idea of giving priority to prevention, giving priority to protection and combining prevention and control, according to the actual work needs of soil pollution prevention and control, the overall framework and content of the law are designed; Third, according to the particularity of soil pollution and its prevention and control, measures such as classified management and risk control have been taken; Fourth, based on the current situation of soil pollution prevention and control and the division of responsibilities of the State Council departments, the code of conduct and supervision and management system of relevant legal subjects should be established; Fifth, pay attention to the mutual connection with the laws on the prevention and control of air, water and solid waste pollution, and enhance the pertinence and operability of the laws.

????(A) on the purpose of legislation

????The "draft" clarifies that the legislative purpose is as follows: prevention and control of soil pollution; Ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products and public health; Realize the sustainable utilization of soil resources; Protect and improve the environment; Promote the construction of ecological civilization. At the same time, the "Draft" clearly stipulates that "the prevention and control of soil pollution should adhere to prevention first, protection first, classified management, risk management and control, pollution responsibility and public participation".

????(2) Obligations of the government, enterprises and the public to prevent and control soil pollution

????Government, enterprises and the public have different responsibilities in the prevention and control of soil pollution. In order to make it responsible, the "draft" stipulates the management system, government responsibility, target responsibility and assessment of soil pollution prevention and control work; The general rights and obligations of units and individuals are stipulated, and the institutional framework for the responsible person of soil pollution, the land use right holder and the government to assume the responsibility for prevention and control in sequence is established.

????(3) Standards, investigation, monitoring and planning system

????The "draft" clearly requires the establishment of a standard system for the prevention and control of soil pollution, and stipulates that a general survey of soil environmental conditions should be organized every ten years. In order to make up for the long time span of the census, it is also stipulated that the state should implement a monitoring system for soil pollution. In order to prevent the improper use of contaminated soil at the source, the "Draft" stipulates that when formulating and revising land use planning and urban and rural planning, the requirements of soil pollution prevention and control should be fully considered and the land use should be reasonably determined. At the same time, the "Draft" stipulates that national and local soil pollution prevention and control work should be included in the environmental protection plan, and some places need to formulate special plans.

????(4) About prevention and protection

????Almost all pollutants will enter the soil in some way. Theoretically speaking, the prevention of soil pollution should involve the control of many pollution sources such as wastewater, waste gas and solid waste. However, in view of the clear and specific provisions in the existing laws on water pollution prevention and control, air pollution prevention and control, solid waste pollution prevention and control and environmental impact assessment, the "Draft" mainly makes cohesive and supplementary provisions on this. In addition, the "draft" also stipulates that priority should be given to the protection of unpolluted farmland, woodland, garden, grassland and drinking water source soil; Protect ecological land and unused soil.

????(V) Risk control and remediation of soil pollution

????According to the characteristics of different types of land, the "Draft" sets up special chapters to stipulate the risk control and restoration of soil pollution in agricultural land and construction land, and sets up different systems and measures. The classified management system of agricultural land soil is established, which is divided into priority protection category, safe utilization category and strict control category, and different measures are taken; The list system of soil pollution risk control and remediation has been established for the soil of construction land, and the risk control and remediation measures have been stipulated, as well as the implementation procedures of remediation projects and pollution prevention requirements in remediation.

????(VI) Economic measures for the prevention and control of soil pollution

????The "Draft" has a chapter on "Economic Measures for Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution", which stipulates that the funding problem of soil pollution can be solved through various channels and ways. First, the state is required to adopt financial, tax, price, financial and other economic policies and measures that are conducive to the prevention and control of soil pollution, and encourage enterprises to participate in the prevention and control of soil pollution by market operation; Second, people’s governments at all levels should arrange necessary funds for the prevention and control of soil pollution, strengthen performance management, and ensure the efficiency of the use of funds; Third, the state has established a fund system for soil pollution prevention and control, and set up central and provincial soil pollution prevention and control funds.

????In addition, the "draft" also stipulates the contents of supervision and inspection and public participation, and stipulates the corresponding legal responsibilities.

????"People’s Republic of China (PRC) Soil Pollution Prevention Law (Draft)" and the above explanation are appropriate, please review.

There is a saying in the west that ancient Greece left its outstanding literature, art and philosophy to future generations, while ancient Rome left its aqueduct, Arc de Triomphe and highway network to future generations, which still cover Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Although there are some generalizations and exaggerations, this statement is not completely unreasonable. The ancient Greeks were indeed famous for their spiritual and ideological richness and creativity. In contrast, the Romans are more down-to-earth and tolerant, and what is more commendable is their vast territory and sound social system. Among the many heritages left by the Romans to future generations, the architectural relics and urban sites left over from the Roman rule are the ones that can make people directly appreciate their achievements from the senses.

As far as the representativeness and importance of cultural relics and historic sites are concerned, the most prominent is of course the ancient Roman city itself. Despite the passage of more than two thousand years, we can still see the preserved high-density ancient buildings in the center of modern Rome, so that visitors can consciously or unconsciously feel the past hidden in these still brilliant ruins and the exciting events they have witnessed.

It is worth mentioning that the historic sites we can see now are only nine Niu Yi hairs compared with the ancient cities in the heyday of Rome. A historian once said humorously that during the Middle Ages, the ancient Roman city directly became the largest recycling plant for building raw materials. That is to say, for a long time after the fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient city was abandoned, its population shrank, and its glory was gone. People around it wanted to clean up the original buildings and use them as building materials for other purposes, but even so, they could not completely erase the profound traces of that year. You can imagine the scale of the early development of this city.

In the classical lecture series held in Shanghai University in early June, Professor Amy Russell from the Department of Classics of Durham University tried to explore the significance of ancient Roman city buildings. In the lecture, the focus of her discussion was not on their aesthetic function or material value, but on their political role, that is, how ancient architectural planning played a corresponding political role in a specific system.

Why can silent and lifeless architectural groups be associated with ever-changing and people-led politics?

Before answering this question completely, we need to understand how space is defined and distinguished by contemporary western scholars in theory, which involves the background of western political tradition and historical development. First of all, in the eyes of scholars, the space related to society can be divided into two categories: public space and private space, which have sharp opposition, and this contrast can only be most clearly reflected in the unique city-state democracy in ancient Greece. For example, in Athens, ancient Greece, public space is a stage to highlight and maintain equality among all citizens (excluding slaves, immigrants and women). All the interactions involved in public space are carried out on the premise of absolute equality, and at the same time, the equality among citizens is deepened. It is in sharp contrast with the private space with concealment. The accumulation of family wealth and the shadow of ancestors in private space cannot be transformed into the platform of public space, nor can it have any impact. Under this premise, the public space in ancient Greece was a product with a high degree of democratic ideology.

In other words, the public space centered on the city-state democracy is a place that is constantly provided for all citizens to jointly manage and maintain social order under the premise of complete peace and transparency. For example, sports events will be held in the central area of the Athens city-state, such as the Olympic Games, the assembly center and agora open to all citizens, and various political, religious and community public celebrations attended by the whole city of Athens and even all Greek city-states. These activities are mostly organized and coordinated by officials among the people, and the equal participation of citizens and the fairness and justice of the community are strengthened and improved through social practice. Athens’ strong equality thought can be traced back to the emergence of two related concepts. One is Isegoria-equal right to speak in political assembly, and the other is Isomia-equal political rights. Such a highly politicized public space is bound to contrast with the private space that inherits innate differences, continues family advantages and pays attention to personal preferences. In the framework of democratic politics, although private space is also protected, it can’t be compared with the decisive significance of public space, which is the place to reflect the highest value and pursuit of citizens.

In addition to the basic distinction between public and private space, there is also a theoretical concept, that is, "Interpellation" proposed by Louis Althusser, which is used to supplement our understanding of the political role of public space. Althusser pointed out that ideology makes free individuals submit to the order stipulated by society through some seemingly natural social processes at ordinary times. No matter what kind of regime, if it wants to operate effectively, it will certainly formulate some unique identities, and then constantly summon each individual to the established posts. For example, when attending some specific ceremonies, they will immediately know how to advance and retreat and how to speak without other people’s words. These self-restraint behaviors replicate the identity of individuals in society. As Althusser said, the object of ideological influence is always people’s subjective consciousness, not any material trend.

Under this theoretical framework, the political space in ancient Athens was a series of individuals who called citizens’ self-awareness. It should be said that without this equal and just political space and the democratic activities it carries, the citizens of Athens cannot become real citizens in fact. According to this logic, the space building that was originally material has turned into a major factor that affects personal identity, so there will be space to promote politics. According to the standards of ancient Greece, Russell launched a discussion on the political space of ancient Rome. The core question is: Does the political space of ancient Rome conform to democratic ideas?

Rome Square.

There are many signs that the Roman Republic did not fully implement the ancient Greek concept of equality, which can be reflected in the use of Roman square space. The forum was an important place for citizens to gather and discuss and produce political resolutions or bills during the Roman Republic. Here, the buildings and souvenirs of the square silently remind every citizen who comes here to fulfill their rights and obligations. There are two important buildings in Rome Square, one is rostra and the other is curia. These two landmark buildings fully embody the distinct political characteristics of the Roman Republic. Most of the people who can speak on the podium are politicians, government officials and invited special people. Only these groups can speak at public gatherings, and only they can explain their political positions to the people gathered under the stage. At the same time, this podium has a certain religious nature, which brings more glory and prestige to the people who speak on the stage. The Senate Assembly Hall is an exclusive gathering place for Roman elders. These elders belong to the upper class, with prominent family background and strong economic strength. In this pattern of praising the elite and restraining the public, some scholars think that the political space in the Roman Republic period is not democratic at all, but Russell does not agree with this view, and her opposition is based on the comparison between this period and the Roman Empire period.

When we compare the square at this time with the square in the imperial period, we can clearly see the difference between them. During the Roman Empire, the highest decision-maker of the whole imperial power was the princeps himself, that is, the emperor in essence. When Augustus gained the supreme power, he moved and rebuilt the square. The appearance of the new building complex is neat and orderly, which shows that it is the result of unified planning. In addition, the entrance and exit of the square is narrow and closed, which is easy to control. All personnel must wear toga to enter. The former square extends in all directions, and people can move freely, but the new square is closed and cannot lead to other areas, so no one will pass by here. There are also many beautifully carved statues on display in the new square, most of which are famous figures in ancient Roman history. This arrangement was completely inspired by Augustus. According to the biography of Augustus, the Fuehrer once said that he chose to carve the heads of these outstanding people on the wall in order to remind citizens of their sages and urge him and his successors not to forget their due responsibilities. Later, many entertainment stages were built in the square of the new empire, so that the space that should have been used for political activities was replaced by performances. The most distressing example is that the venue for the referendum has been transformed into an arena, which seems to verify the statement that the Roman government relied on bread and circus to appease the people. Through these spatial settings,We can see that the square buildings in the imperial period positioned the people as spectators or spectators to summon them, which directly obliterated the initiative of citizens to participate in and influence politics, and made them become so-called onlookers/onlookers. Now let’s go back to the first question, how to judge the transformation of Roman public space from the Republic period to the Empire period? Is there a certain degree of democracy in these two periods?

The Colosseum in Rome.

Russell believes that Roman society in the Republic period showed more democratic factors compared with the later imperial period, although it lacked strong equality between classes. During the Roman Republic, the political control was mainly the senators from the patrician class. They are so powerful that sometimes some important political negotiations and meetings are even held directly in private houses. Even the old square includes some architectural elements with the nature of private houses, and the angle of calling Roman citizens in these spaces is to guide them to be subordinates and affiliated classes attached to nobles. These obviously violate the absolute equality of ancient Greece and the democratic core concept of strictly dividing public and private space.

However, during the Republic period, it was a complete class that controlled Roman politics, not a person or a family, so the competition among individual aristocrats was fierce, which affected almost all political development during the Republic period, especially in the late Republic period. Therefore, the buildings in the square at that time were not uniformly designed at the will of Augustus, as in the imperial period, but showed more organic and diversity, which were slowly accumulated and extended by different nobles in different periods, including some commemorative sculptures and works of art, which also told the great achievements of different families and called all Roman citizens to do their best for the community with different voices. Because there is no systematic management, citizens enjoy more activity space and freedom, and can go in and out through different entrances and exits, and freely shuttle and stay in the square. On this basis, Russell also put forward the theory of consciousness of publicity to support her point of view. Although sometimes ordinary citizens can’t directly dominate politics like aristocrats, they can still judge the competition between the upper classes, or determine their legitimacy through multi-party supervision and judgment. The openness and transparency of the old square just calls on citizens to influence the behavior of nobles with public opinion and witness and judge the words and deeds of politicians in public space. From this perspective, this space still plays an active role in calling citizens to actively participate in politics.

At the same time, although these buildings maintained the unequal relationship between the lower classes and the nobles, it was many nobles who summoned Roman citizens, not the heads of state who gathered power. Therefore, it can be said that the square buildings in the Republic provide diversified and individualized voices, although they all belong to the upper class. In the imperial era, however, the voice of one person’s rule was consistent from top to bottom. Augustus said that I chose to carve these outstanding people on the wall because I wanted the Romans to constantly urge myself and my successor. This sentence is worthy of scrutiny. In the previous political space, citizens enjoyed a wider space for participation. The figurines in the square were designed to summon citizens to shoulder political responsibilities and live up to the example of their predecessors, instead of being passively urged by the head of state or praying for the supreme ruler to do better.

On these levels, the ideal equality and active participation of citizens in ancient Greece, the consciousness of multiple summoning and witnessing in the Republic era, and the centralization of power by one person and the onlookers in the imperial era are deeply imprinted on the architecture. Under the influence of ancient Greece and Rome, the connection between public space calling and citizen’s political identity has been deeply branded in western political thoughts, and it constantly affects the discourse framing of urban planning. In western countries, people will naturally participate in the discussion of public space, such as how to establish a fully perfect public space, how to convey political ideas, and how to use space to promote the cognition of citizenship. In the urban planning map of western countries, especially in Europe with a relatively long history, almost all big cities and small villages consciously set up so-called public spaces, usually around churches, parliamentary halls and piazza. In addition, this kind of discussion on public space is permeated with advertisements on both sides of the expressway, from famous landmarks in the city center to small ones. The unique architecture left by the Romans and the ancient Greeks originally contained profound spiritual connotations. Before such a thought-provoking model, what should we leave for future generations in the 21st century?